Study Guide Exam III Lecture 13 (Chapter 35)- plant structure How are plant cells like all other cells? Nucleus (nuclear envelope, nucleolus, chromatin); ER's; Centrosomes, golgi, mitochondria; peroxisome; membranes, ribosomes, cytoskeletons How are plant cells different from all other cells? Have: chloroplasts, central vacuoles and tonoplast, and plasmodesmata. Don't have: lysosomes, centrioles or flagella. What are the three basic parts of higher plants? Roots, stems leaves What are characteristics of angiosperms? Dicots? Monocots? What are various things that roots do? Anchors vascular plants, absorb minerals and water and store organic nutrients. Eudicots and gymnosperm have taproot system. Modified roots: prop, storage, strangling aerial, buttress, pneumatophores. What are the various parts of the shoot? Nodes points of leaf attachments; internodes: stem segments between nodes; axillary buds: can form lateral shoots; terminal bud: developing leaves and compact series of nodes and internodes. What are some modifications of shoots? Stolongs (runners, asexual reproduciton); bulbs ( underground shoots made of bases of leaves used for storage); tubers (enlarged ends of rhizomes for storage; eyes are axillary buds making nodes); rhizomes (horizontal stem below surface; is noded) What are the parts of a leaf? Tendrils, splines, storage leaves, bracts (bright, surround flowers), reproductive leaves What are some modified leaf functions? Support, protection, storage, attractions, reproduction What are the three plant tissues? Dermal, ground, vascular What is vascular tissue? Carry out ling distance transport of materials between shoots and leaves What is phloem? Transport organic nutrients such as sugars to growth sites What are phloem cells? Seive tube members: living cells w/o nucleus, ribosomes or vacuole with perforated end walls allowing for transport of nutrients across cell. Companion cell connected by pasmodesmata has missing organells to support seive tube members and help load sugars. What does phloem do? Organic nuctrient transport. 1 What is xylem? Tubolar elongated cells dead at maturity that transport water from roots to leaves What are xylem cells? Tracheids: tapered ends, water moves through pits without secondary walls. Secondary walls have lignin for support. Vessels: shorter, thinnerwalls and not as tapered. Arranged end to end forming pipes. What does xylem do? Water transport. What is a protoplast? Cell without cell wall. What does the plant cell wall do? Protects and supports. What are plasmodesmata? Perforations in cell wall allowing nutrient exchange. Where do shoots and roots grow? Shoots aprical meristems and lateral meristems (vascular and cork cambiums) What are buds? What are meristems? Perpetually embryonic tissues. Where are meristems located? What do leaf and bud scars on twigs indicate? What is primary growth? What is secondary growth? What are the various structures found near a root tip? Stele Apical meristem Procambium Protoderm Ground meristem What is a root hair? What are the various structures found near the growing shoot tip? Apical meristem Procambium Protoderm Ground meristem Leaf primordia How does the organization of vascular tissue in stems differ in dicots and monocots? What is the structure of a leaf? What is a stoma? Where is it located? What is it for? Guard cells What is the structure of woody stems? How does the vascular cambium produce both xylem and phloem? What is the cork? Periderm? What produces the cork? What is wood? What are rings? Why are there rings? 2 How is a plant produced by repeated cell division? What is the difference between cell division, cell expansion, and cell differentiation? How does the regulation of gene expression lead to the formation of a plant? What is morphogenesis? What is Arabidopsis thaliana? Why is it important? What determines the plane of cell division in plants? What determines the orientation of plant cell expansion? What is meant by the plane of mitosis? What are two roles for the cytoskeleton in determining plant shape? What is the cell plate? What determines the shape of plants and plant organs? What is the rule that determines whether or not a immature root dermis cell becomes a root hair? What ultimately determines the cell type of any cell? What is the role of transcription factors in determining tissues and cell types? What is a floral identity gene? Understand the ABC hypothesis of flower formation Lecture 14 (Chapters 36) Plant Transport Understand the overall water movements in plants and what causes the water to move where it does What is meant by facilitated transport? By active transport? Why are transport proteins allosteric? What is the role of proton pumps in the plant cell plasma membranes? What is the source of energy? How is sucrose transported into the cell? What is water potential? Why is water potential important in plants? Be able to work simple water potential problems. What are the three water filled compartments in and near plant cells? How do water and minerals enter roots? What is the role of the Casparian strip? How does water get from the roots to the top of a tree? Where is the water potential most negative in a plant? How do stomata open and close? What is the mechanism? What are guard cells? What determines the direction of flow in phloem? Understand figure 36.18 Lecture 14 (Chapter 37) Plant Nutrition What are the major nutrients that all plants require? 3 What is a limiting nutrient? Where do plants get carbon? Where do plants get phosphorus? Where do plants get nitrogen? Where does nitrogen in the soil come from? Why is too much nitrogen in the soil a bad thing? What is hydroponics? What conditions are necessary for plants to grow in the absence of soil? What is soil? What is it composed of? Why is secretion of hydrogen ions by root cells important for obtaining cationic nutrients? What are mycorrhizae and why are they important? What produces most of the fixed nitrogen in the soil (other than man)? Why can legumes thrive in nitrogen poor soils? What is a root nodule? What are some special adaptations for obtaining nitrogen? Lecture 15 (Chapter 38) Plant reproduction Understand the life cycle of angiosperms Know what 1n, 2n, and 3n mean Know the four organs that constitute a flower What are incomplete flowers? What is the difference between monoecious and dioecious plants? What is pollen? How is it formed? And how does it participate in fertilization? What is the female gametophyte? What are the events of fertilization in the flower? Pollen tube Zygote Endosperm What are two ways that flowers prevent self-fertilization? How does the seed develop? What are the main parts of the seed? What is a cotyledon? What is a plant embryo? What characterizes seed dormancy? What is the difference between a seed and a fruit? What is the first step in germination (breaking dormancy)? What are some environmental triggers for germination? Why are these important for plant survival? What is asexual reproduction? What is a plant clone? What are some examples of asexual reproduction? What is callus? What is one way that DNA can be introduced into a plant cell? 4 How does genetic engineering differ from plant breeding? Lecture 16 (Chapter 39) Plant Responses What is the first step in a plant response to an environmental stimulus? What is the second step? (Ans: signal transduction) What is meant by signal transduction? What is a second messenger? What is a protein kinase cascade? What does a protein kinase do? What is meant by &quot;post-translational modification&quot;? What is a transcription factor? What do transcription factors do? In the example of greening, two second messengers are used, what are they? What is a plant hormone? Where is auxin produced? Where are most cytokinins produced? Understand the experiments outlined in figures 39.5 and 39.6 What is meant by &quot;apical dominance&quot;? And how is it explained? What are the effects of gibberellins on plants? What is the triple response? What hormone is important for the triple response? What plant hormone stimulates fruit ripening? What is phytochrome? What is the effect of red and far red light on phytochromes? What is a circadian clock? How does it work? What is photoperiodism? What is a short day plant? What is a long day plant? What is the evidence that phytochrome is involved? What are various environmental signals that plants respond to? What are some responses to herbivory or pathogen attack? Why is it a bad idea for a pathogen to be too virulent? Lecture 17: Animal structure and function, Chapter 40 What is the difference between anatomy and physiology? Why does form fit function? Be able to differentiate between cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems What are three types of muscle? What is epithelial tissue? Why does diffusion limit body size and dictate structure? What is homeostasis? What is meant by negative feedback? What is a set point? What are the inputs and outputs of animal metabolism? What is accomplished by animal metabolism? 5 What are the main [chemical] energy stores used by animals? What is the difference between basal metabolic rate (for endotherms) and standard metabolic rate (for ectotherms)? What are various ways that mammals maintain body temperature? What is counter current heat exchange? How does a goose swimming in cold water keep from getting too cold? What advantage do endotherms have over ectotherms? What advantage do ectotherms have over endotherms? What are various physiological adaptations to endothermy? What are some anatomical adaptations to endothermy? What are various ways that mammalian skin helps regulate body temperature? What are some ectotherms that partially regulate body temperature? What is hibernation? And why does it reduce the need for food? Lecture 18: <a href="/keyword/animal-development/" >animal development</a> , chapter 47 What is a deuterostome? Why are sea urchins often used as model systems for higher <a href="/keyword/animal-development/" >animal development</a> ? When referring to the life cycle of animals, what does the term development mean? What does cell differentiation mean? When referring to animal life cycles, what is meant by &quot;haploid individual?&quot; Why do most muticellular organisms reproduce by sexual means (rather than asexual means)? During animal fertilization, what barriers must the sperm cell cross? How does it do this? What is the last step of sperm penetration? Of fertilization? What is the role of calcium ions in fertilization? What are cortical granules? What is the role of the cortical reaction? What is a major visible difference between, sea urchin, frog, chicken, and mammalian eggs? What are the three early stages of development for all deuterstome embryos? (ans: cleavage, blastula, gastrula) Be able to compare and contrast the blastula and gastrula stages for sea urchins, frogs, birds, and mammals. What is the blastoderm (birds)? Hypoblast? Epiblast? What is the trophoblast (mammals)? What is the primitive streak? What is formed during gastrulation? What is the difference between the blastocoel and the archenteron? What are the major tissues derived from: Ectoderm? Mesoderm? Endoderm? 6 What are the neural tube, notochord, and somites? When do they form and what do they become during development? What are the four extra-embryonic membranes that form during bird and mammalian development? What do they do? What causes embryonic cells to differentiate (become different)? What kinds of signals are important? What is the role of the cytoskeleton in <a href="/keyword/animal-development/" >animal development</a> ? Possible Essay Questions: 1. Describe how guard cells regulate the flow of CO2 and water into and out of leaves. 2. Describe the ABC hypothesis of developmental flower formation. 3. Explain the differences and similarities between active and facilitated transport across membranes. 4. Explain how phloem is able to transport sucrose to where it is needed in a plant. 5. Explain how pumping hydrogen ions out of root hair cells permits the uptake of nutrients from the soil. 6. Explain the major events of angiosperm fertilization. 7. Explain how a kinase cascade can change the internal environment of a plant cell. 8. Explain experiments on plant photoperiodism that implicate phytochrome as the light sensor that triggers the long day/short day response. 9. Using a drawing, explain the events of gastrulation in the frog. (What gets created and where?) 10. Using a drawing, explain the events of gastrulation in the chick. (What gets created and where?) 7