Page Taxonomy
BIO162 Baluch
Taxonomy: classifying and organizing life
species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom
Spaghetti Good For Over Came Phillip King
Domains (3)
DOMAINS 1. Bacteria 2. Archea (Archbacteria) 3. Eukarya 1. Plantae 2. Animalia 3. Fungi (fungus) 4. Protista (algae & protozoa)
= Monera
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Kingdoms (5)
5 Kingdoms 1. Monera = Bacteria 2. 3. 4. 5. Plantae = Plants Animalia = Animals Fungi = Fungi Protista = Protists
Kingdoms (5)
5 Kingdoms 1. Monera = Bacteria 2. 3. 4. 5. Plantae = Plants Animalia = Animals Fungi = Fungi Protista = Protists
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Cell Theory
Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann proposed that all animal and plant tissues were composed of cells Rudolf Virchow
Biogenesis life can only arise from preexisting life.
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The Two Major Categories of Cells The countless cells on earth fall into two categories
Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ in several respects.
Prokaryotic cell Nucleoid region
Eukaryotic cell
Nucleus
Organelles
Figure 4.4
Prokaryotic cells
Are smaller than eukaryotic cells Lack internal structures surrounded by membranes (ie organelles) Lack a nucleus.
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Prokaryotic flagella
Nucleoid region (DNA) Ribosomes Plasma membrane Cell wall Capsule Pili
Figure 4.5
A Panoramic View of Eukaryotic Cells
Ribosomes Cytoskeleton Centriole Lysosome Flagellum
Not in most plant cells
Plasma membrane
Mitochondrion
Nucleus
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Golgi apparatus
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Figure 4.6A, p. 59
The Prokaryote Cell
Bacterial cell envelope
Cell membrane Cell wall (composed of peptidoglycan)
Glycocalyx (slimy layer secreted outside cell wall)
Slime layer (not highly organized or attached to cell wall) Capsule (highly organized and attached to cell wall)
Capsule (sometimes presents, identified by negative stain)
Cytoplasm
Chromosome Ribosomes Cytoplasmic particles
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Cytoplasm
Medium found within the cell consisting of
Water Enzymes Oxygen Waste Proteins Charbohydrates Lipids Cytoplasmic particles
ribosomes
Cell Wall
Gram Positive
Gram Negative
Gram Stain
Gram Positive
Gram Negative
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Chromosome (Bacterial Nucleoid)
Genetic material composed of a long, single, super-coiled, circular DNA.
Duplicates self Guides cell division Direct cellular activity
Plasmids extra-chromosomal DNA not part of nucleoid, found in cytoplasm.
Flagella
Flagella are protein appendages that enable bacteria to move:
Peritrichous bacteria flagella around perimeter of bacteria Lophotrichous bacteria tuft of flagella at 1 end Amphitrichous bacteria flagella at both ends bacteria Monotrichous single polar flagellum
Pili (Fimbriae)
Pili (pilus sing.) hair like structures found in gram negative bacteria.
Not associated with motility Use to attach to surfaces Transfer genetic material from one bacterial cell to another (sex pilus conjugation)
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Spores
Spores (Endospores) made by some bacteria as means of survival. Sporulation process by which spores are formed. Founded by John Tyndall
Tyndallization process to kill sporulated bacteria
The Eukaryotic Cell
Protista Protozoa and Algae Fungi - Fungus
The Eukaryotic Cell
Cell Membrane Cell Wall Cytoplasm Endoplamic Reticulum Golgi Complex Mictochondria Cytoskeleton Plastids Lysosomes and Peroxisomes Flagella and Cilia Nucleus
Nuclear membrane Chromosomes
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Plant Cells
Not in animal cells
Cytoskeleton Mitochondrion Nucleus Cell wall Rough endoplamsic reticulum (ER) Ribosomes Chloroplast Central vacuole
Plasma membrane Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Golgi apparatus Plasmodesmata
Figure 4.6B, p. 59
Cell Membrane and Cell Wall
Cell Wall
Algae cell walls contain cellulose Fungi cell walls contain chitin
Cell Membrane
Selective permeability Mosaic model Regulates passage of materials between inside and outside of cell
Cytoplasm
Fluid matrix within cell Organelles suspended in matrix Cytoskeleton found in matrix and maintains cell shape and is structural component for movement
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Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Complex
Convoluted membrane system that is interconnected.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum contain ribosomes for protein synthesis Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Go...