Will
Exam !! 2 tomorrow Presentation next week: Christina Smedley Joanna Bridge Billy Quesse
be similar to Exam 1 (class voted for 40 questions again + 2 extra credit). !! Cover from last exam up to Thursdays lecture. !! Again, one sheet of notes will be allowed.
!! We dont care how its made or looks, and we wont collect it.
!! Life
!! Monomers
!! Basic structure of life
"! Protein and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
and polymers !! What is a protein? What does it do?
!! What is the monomer for proteins? !! What is an enzyme?
!! What
!! Progress of chemical evolution !! History of life on Earth
!! Possible
places for life in our solar system !! fl, fs, fi How do we estimate them?
is a nucleic acid?
!! What is DNA? RNA?
"! What does DNA looks like? What does DNA do?
!! Three basic types of monomers for DNA/ RNA? !! What are the bases?
!! What
is the Codon code? !! What is a gene? !! What is a chromosome? !! Chirality
!! What is it? !! What is the chirality we have?
!! Murchison
!! What
elements make up life? How abundant are they? !! Why does carbon play a main role? !! When did life first occur? !! What is the chicken and egg problem? !! Three steps for chemical evolution
!! Synthesis of monomers !! Synthesis of polymers !! Transition of life
meteorite
!! What is it? Why is it important?
Chemical Evolution!
!!
Synthesis of monomers
comets
hot vents
!! What are the condition required? !! Where might this happen? !! What is the Miller and Urey Experiment?
"! What was its legacy for this class?
Tide pools (evaporation) polymer creation
energy producing reaction primitive life
monomer creation
!!
Synthesis of polymers Transition of life
!! What are the condition required? !! Where might this happen? !! Two possibilities? Which one is more likely? !! Protolife
"! Two concepts for protolife? "! Which one is more popular?
!!
early atmosphere (Miller-Urey)
probability clay polymerization proteinoids
protolife
RNA world
Current system too complicated; life started somewhere else and moved e.g. clay life
life
!! !!
What are extremophiles? Where might we find life in the solar system? !! Venus
"! Where? Why?
!!
Classification of life
!! Three types of life?
"! Bacteria, archaea, eukarya
!! Mars
"! Where? Why?
!! Prokaryotes
"! Two domains? What are the definitions?
!! Jupiter? Jupiters Moon?
"! Where? Why?
!! Eukaryotes
"! What is the definition?
!! Saturn? Saturns Moon?
"! Where? Why?
!! fs !!
!! Which one came first? !! Which one is more closely related to humans?
!! !!
!! List some important factor to consider when estimating fs !! List some important factor to consider when estimating fl
Intelligence
!! What is a good definition?
fl
What is the importance of sexual reproduction?
!! What was the early atmosphere !! Oxygenation of the atmosphere
like?
!! !! !!
!! When did it happen? !! How did it happen?
"! Cyanobacteria
!! For how long has life been on Earth? !! How long was life microscopic?
"! Radioactive dating (What is a half-life?)
!! !!
What is the class definition of intelligence? What is the key aspect of the genetic code allows for eventual intelligence? Even though we have less info storage in our DNA than some animals, humans are more intelligent. Why? Describe hominid evolution. Examples of intelligence of animals other than human
!! Koko the Gorilla (What can she do?) !! Alex the parrot (What could he do?)
!! How do we determine the age of a fossil?
"! C-14 (What does it work on? How does it work? How long can it trace back into history?) "! K-40, U-235 (What does it work on? How long can it trace back into history?)
!! fi
!! What are the important factors to consider when estimating fi?
Carbon is important to life on Earth because A) it is part of the crucial amino group B) it has bonds that are nearly indestructible C) it performs well in solvents D) it is common in the Earth's crust E) it easily forms strong long chains
Life on Earth A) arose quickly after the period of bombardment in the early solar system ceased B) is clearly the only life in the Universe C) based on the fossil record, primarily occurred due to viruses, the simplest form of life today. D) could only have been due to panspermia E) was an easy transition that can be followed by fossils
The best type of life sustaining stars are A) Middle mass stars (less than 1.25 and more than 0.5 solar masses), as they live longer and dont require the planets to be too close. B) Binary stars, as they double the chances of life. C) Low mass stars (less than 0.5 solar masses), as life can exist nearer the star where more terrestrial planets are probably located. D) Stars off the main sequence, as they have lived the longest, they are the best chance for finding intelligent life. E) Massive stars (more than 2 solar masses), as they have more mass from which to form planets.
DNA uses 4 possible bases in combinations of three to encode an amino acid because A) three is the nearest integer to pi B) three is the general chain of carbohydrate to groups make lipids C) three is more stable than two or four, so nature chose it D) there are only 3 amino acids in a typical protein E) three bases in a row allow one to encode up to 64 amino acids; two bases would only allow 16 amino acids
Imagine that we receive our first ET visitor, but their stomachs do not agree with Earth food. Why might this be true? A) They actually eat humans, but are too polite to destroy our race. B) As we are farther out in the Galaxy, our food has less iron. C) ETs will probably be allergic to water, and our food is mostly water. D) Chirality: they are right handed life. E) None of the above.
Which of the following is not a monomer? A) base B) amino acid C) phosphate D) sugar E) enzyme
The most likely path for life on Earth was A) Life first started as an amino acid world. B) Life just arose with nucleic acid and proteins working together. C) Life first started as a protein world. D) Life first started as a nucleic acid (RNA world). E) Life first started as a nucleic acid (DNA world).
Why is carbon important to life? A) It is the only element with 4 bonding sites. B) It's a solvent C) It's an amino acid. D) It's a polymer E) It allows long molecular chains
Which of the following is a monomer of life? A) Proteins. B) Amino acids. C) DNA/RNA. D) Carbohydrates. E) Brain Neurons
Which two molecules are the most important for life? A) enzymes and carbohydrates B) ribosomes and DNA C) DNA and RNA D) proteins and nucleic acids
What of the following is not important when addressing the fraction of stars whose properties are suitable for life to develop on one of its planets (fs)? A) Fraction of nearby stars with Jupiter-like planets. B) Fraction of wide binary systems. C) Fraction of stars that are metal rich. D) Fraction of stars that have masses less than 1.25 solar masses. E) Fraction of stars that are young (not on the main sequence).
Sex in space, or on Earth, is important because A) sex, although fun, also stimulates gene mutations. B) it allows the genetic material of the better organisms to survive. C) mutations can only occur in sexual reproduction. D) it leads to greater genetic diversity and an increase of positive mutations in the offspring. E) None of the above.
All of the following statements about Carbon 14 are true except: A) It is kept in equilibrium (equal ratio to C-12) in our bodies by ingesting food. B) It is an unstable isotope of Carbon 12. C) It decays to Nitrogen 14 with a half-life of 5730 yrs. D) It can be used to determine the age of dinosaur fossils. E) It is produced in the atmosphere via cosmic rays.
Which of the following places in our Solar System has the least likelihood for life? A) The sub-surface of Mars. B) The sub-surface of Io. C) The surface of Titan. D) The atmosphere of Venus. E) The sub-surface of Europa.
Overall, the evolution of H. Sapiens was A) depended only upon the local environment in Africa. B) probably initiated by aliens. C) an awkward path of evolution with many surprises. D) simple and inevitable, after the extin...