349 Memory
IE Lecture 5
What is Memory?
Memory:
Memory is relatively enduring change in behavior as a result of experience Memory is a change in knowledge Long term accumulated knowledge Memory is influenced by attention, motivation, rehearsal, fatigue, and other factors
Memory Process
Attention to stimulus Sensory input (attention is key) Perception of input Classification of input Labeling of input Storage of input (attention is key) Recall from memory (attention is key)
Types of Memory
Storage:
Short Term (working memory) Long Term (retained knowledge)
Type:
Sensory Cognitive Procedural Semantic Episodic
Short Term Memory
Short term (working) memory:
Acts on the sensory memory inputs Can retain 7 +/- 2 "chunks" of information Items remain in short-term memory for around 30 seconds Used to recall items from long term memory Manipulates information from sensory input and long term memory Recycles information
Rehearsal Susceptible to interference With rehearsal, information can last for hours
Long Term Memory
- Is intended for storage of information over a long time Information from the short term memory is transferred to it Unlike working memory, there is little decay but it may be hard to recall Has unlimited capacity Can store information indefinitely May be hard to recall when desired or needed
Sensory Memory
Sensory memory:
A sensory memory exists for each sensory channel (touch, smell, sight). Information is passed from sensory memory into short-term memory by attention. Iconic eyes Echoic ears Haptic touch Can store information for only less than 2 seconds.
Cognitive Memory
Cognitive Memory:
Capability of modeling the external world. Stores representations of objects, events, and relations between them. Abstract thinking
Procedural Memory
Procedural Memory:
performance Skilled and responding to stimuli (stimulus response actions) Concrete Behavioral Following the scripts and/or the rules
Semantic Memory
Semantic Memory:
Knowledge about the world, concepts, facts, language, vocabulary Acquisition and use of factual knowledge Uses categories and labels
Episodic Memory
Episodic Memory:
Remembering personally experienced events Chronologically dated An individual's autobiography Vicarious events personalized
What Helps Us Remember?
Retrieval Recency and memory decay Importance of information Amount of information Rehearsal Associations
Similarity synonyms Coherency groups/categories Consistency logical relations Mnemonics rhymes, tricks
Retrieval
Retrieval:
Ability to access information in long term storage (long term memory). The information is reproduced from long term into short term memory. Classic example of weak retrieval is the `tip of the tongue' phenomenon.
Recency Effect
The last piece of information carries more weight than prior information. More recent information is easier to recall than prior infor...