Circulation III. of the Atmosphere A. Atmosphere, Weather and Climate Some history: All cultures recognize impacts of climate, and want to predict and influence the weather. Formal study of the atmosphere goes back to the Greeks. Aristotle's treatise Meteorologica, "discourse on things above".
III. Circulation of the Atmosphere A.Atmosphere, Weather and Climate Some history: Initially humans most interested in extremes of weather: drought, flood, violent storms. More recently, we are interested in how industrial activity influences weather and human health.
III. Circulation of the Atmosphere A.Atmosphere, Weather and Climate Some historical examples: Dec. 1952 London fog Los Angeles in the late 1950s
III. Circulation of the Atmosphere A.Atmosphere, Weather and Climate Some historical examples: Local problems: original solutions....... Time release of pollutants with storms Build taller smokestacks To understand how human activity might Effective locally, but using the atmosphere as influence the atmosphere, weather and an infinite sewer ledunderstand not only its climate, we need to to regional problems: acid rain, GHG, ozone how it moves. structure, but why and depletion.
III. Circulation of the Atmosphere A. Atmosphere, Weather and Climate Atmosphere: Gaseous layer from Earth's surface to the "edge of space". Weather: State Tropopause, Stratosphere For us: Troposphere,of the atmosphere at a particular place or region, for a short period of time. Climate: Average weather (for a place or region). Usually average of last 30 years.
III. Circulation of the Atmosphere A. Atmosphere, Weather and Climate B. Origin of the Atmosphere Earth's early atmosphere very different than today's..... Dense (10% of Earth's mass) and composed of CO, H2S, N2, H2, H20. All was lost to the intense solar wind during earliest episode in Earth's history. Present atmosphere: Derived from outgassing of Earth's hot interior. Initially different in composition from the modern atmosphere.
Solar wind removes initial atmosphere
III. Circulation of the Atmosphere A. Atmosphere, Weather and Climate B. Origin of the Atmosphere Why doesn't the atmosphere just drift off into space? Some of it does....but its only the lightest gases....hydrogen (H2) and helium (He2). The rest is held in place by gravity.
III. Circulation of the Atmosphere A. Atmosphere, Weather and Climate B. Origin of the Atmosphere C. State of the Atmosphere a. Composition (nearly constant) b. Temperature, Pressure, Humidity c. Winds
III. Circulation of the Atmosphere D. Movement of air 1. Vertical motion 2. Horizontal motion
IV. Circulation of the Atmosphere D. Movement of air 1. Vertical motion: buoyancy (density). 2. Horizontal motion: Air moves horizontally because of differences in pressure. Air always moves from high pressure to low pressure. Rate of movement (wind speed) depends on the pressure gradient.
III. Circulation of the Atmosphere D. Movement of air 1. Vertical motion: buoyancy (density). 2. Horizontal motion: differences in pressure. 3. The Heat Engine a) Sea Breeze, a simple heat engine. b) The Earth as a heat engine.
Flux of solar radiation less at higher latitudes; max. at equator
Sun Earth
III. Circulation of the Atmosphere D. Movement of air 4. The Coriolis Effect: Tendency for fluids (air or water, or anything moving in them) moving across Earth's surface to be deflected from a straight line path. Not a real force
III. Circulation of the Atmosphere D. Movement air of 4. The Coriolis Effect: Coriolis Rules of thumb NH to right; SH to left Effect is small (cannot impact draining bathtub, etc) Biggest effect is on large objects. Impact increases as speed of object increases. Coriolis Effect is zero at the equator.
III. Circulation of the Atmosphere 5. General Circulation of the Atmosphere a. Hadley Cell: 0 to 30 on either side of the equator. b. Ferrel Cell: Indirect, 30 to 60 on either side of the equator. c. Polar High (or Polar Easterlies): 60-90 ITCZ: Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone Doldrums Horse Latitudes Tropical Easterlies Mid-latitude Westerlies, Polar Easterlies
IV. Circulation of the Atmosphere 5. General Circulation of the Atmosphere d. Consequences of large-scale circulation Distribution of major deserts, dust Distribution of rainfall Average zonal winds (Trades, Westerlies)
III. Circulation of the Atmosphere 6. Seasonal contrasts: Because Earth's axis is tilted relative to its orbit around the Sun, we have seasons.
III. Circulation of the Atmosphere 6. Seasonal contrasts: Maximum flux of solar radiation shifts north and south of the equator over the annual cycle. This exerts a powerful influence on atmospheric circulation, imparting a strong seasonal cycle over the large-scale patterns of atmospheric motion.
III. Circulation of the Atmosphere 6. Seasonal phenomena a. Temperature (Continentality: range of temperature during a seasonal cycle) Tied to the different properties of land vs ocean (just like our sea breeze analogy). Albedo Heat capacity Convection (water) vs Conduction (solids)
III. Circulation of the Atmosphere 6. Seasonal phenomena a. Temperature (Continentality: range of temperature during a seasonal cycle) Tropical regions and maritime regions (coastal) have low continentality. Mid-latitude large continents have high continentality. Poles are lower.
III. Circulation of the Atmosphere 6. Seasonal phenomena b. Hurricanes (Atlantic) Typhoons in the Pacific Cyclones in the Southern Hemisphere They are all the same thing
SAFFIR/SIMPSON DAMAGE POTENTIAL SCALE
CATEGORY WINDSPEED (MPH)...