#2 Name____________________________________________________________Exam Anatomy and Physiology 21 March 2005 Read the directions for each section carefully Multiple choice: This is not your normal multiple choice. Each question may have any number of correct answers from zero correct to all correct. Circle the letter(s) that correspond to the correct answer(s) (20 Pts). 1) Graded potentials: a. Are all-or-none b. Are self propagating c. Are transient d. Travel great distance 2) ________________ is a type of receptor a. Mechanoreceptor b. Osmoreceptor c. Thermoreceptor d. Photoreceptor e. Nociceptor 3) _________________ are cells in the retina a. Rods b. Cones c. Ganglion Cells d. Bipolar Cells e. Horizontal Cells 4) During muscle contraction, the a. A band gets smaller b. I band gets smaller c. H Zone gets smaller d. Z line gets smaller 5) Larry runs a marathon when he is done he collapses, completely exhausted, onto an electric muscle stimulator. When his leg hits the stimulator, it contracts. Larry's collapse from exhaustion is an example of: a. Physiological muscle fatigue b. Psychological muscle fatigue c. Rigor mortis d. Oxygen debt
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6) The equilibrium potential for sodium across a typical plasma membrane is roughly: a. 60 mV b. 30 mV c. 0 mV d. +30 mV e. +60 mV 7) Nerves that carry the sympathetic branch of the nervous system originate in the ________________________ region. a. Cranial b. Thoracic c. Lumbar d. Sacral e. Facial 8) Myelin: a. Decreases AP speed b. Causes saltatory conduction c. Is lipid rich d. Acts as an insulator e. Is made by Schwann cells Fill in the blanks: Fill in the blanks with the word or term that best completes the sentence. (15 Pts) 9) If you force a muscle to contract, allow it to relax completely, and force it to contract a second time, the second contraction will be more forceful than the first. This phenomenon is known as __________________________________. 10) In skeletal muscle, actin is attached at the z-line, however the situation in smooth muscle is quiet different. In smooth muscle, actin attaches to the _____________________________________. 11) In vivo, action potentials originate at the _______________________________. 12) The ____________________________ branch of the autonomic nervous system is known as the fight or flight branch and the ____________________________ branch is known as the rest and digest branch. 13) When there are two or more pre-synaptic neurons determining whether the postsynaptic neuron fires an action potential, this process is known as ____________________________________ 14) summation. ____________________________________ happens during the latent period of skeletal muscle contraction.
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Definitions: Define the following terms use diagrams when necessary. (20 Pts) 15) Absolute Refractory Period
16) IPSP
17) Miniature End-Plate Potential
18) Motor Unit
19) Eccentric Contraction
20) Intercalated Disks
21) Diastole
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Short Answers: Answer these questions (30 Pts). 22) What is an antagonist? Give an example of one and how it is used as a medicinal drug.
23) On the drawing of an AP below, show when sodium and potassium channels are either opened, closed, or inactive.
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24) How is control of muscle contraction different in smooth muscle than it is in skeletal muscle?
25) On the cross-sectional view of a cochlea drawn below, label the following: a. Scala Vestibuli b. Scala Media (cochlear duct) c. Scala tymapni d. Tectorial membrane e. Vestibular membrane
Basilar Membrane
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26) Draw a schematic diagram of the pre- and post-ganglionic neurons in the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous systems. For each, indicate which neurotransmitter would be present at each synapse.
27) Draw a neuron and label the following: i. Dendrite ii. Axon iii. Cell Body iv. Axon Hillock
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28) List the pacemaker centers in the heart in the order that they normally get activated.
29) Label each of the waves on the ECG drawn below.
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Essay Questions: (15 Pts) 30) Using modern techniques, Winston determines the concentration and permeability of several ions across the membrane of cardiac muscle during an AP. Below are the results
RESTING
Potassium Sodium Calcium
Permeability 7 1 .001 Permeability 7 13 .001 Permeability .8 .1 20
Outside (mM) 15 150 5 Outside (mM) 15 150 5 Outside (mM) 15 150 5
Inside (mM) 150 15 .000001 Inside (mM) 150 15 .000001 Inside (mM) 150 15 .000001
SPIKE
Potassium Sodium Calcium
PLATEAU
Potassium Sodium Calcium
a) Determine the membrane potentials for each of the above situations using the Goldman's Equation. b) What would happen to the membrane potential of a cell (think of the resting cell in the above example) if the permeability to potassium were reduced? a. Give a real life example of where this reduced permeability occurs and the result. c) Why does cardiac muscle have the long plateau?
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