Please bring a Scantron sheet History of the Recording Industry Study Guide Exam #2 Dr. John Dougan (the big one) and a #2 pencil Caution: This guide is not meant to be definitive, but rather, comprehensive. It is designed to provide you with a way to organize your study. Reading: Starr and Waterman, Chapters 5-8. (I will ask questions taken directly from the reading that have not been discussed in class). Please refer to Tech Timeline #2 &amp; #3, they contain material not in the lectures. If you see names listed below that were not part of the lecture, then you'll need to refer to the book. Concepts, Ideas Swing music, especially the principal figures mentioned in the film we watched R&amp;B o o o 1949 Billboard changes &quot;Race Music&quot; chart to &quot;Rhythm and Blues&quot; 1953 R&amp;B accounts for $15 million in record sales Radio 1954 250 radio stations in the US programmed R&amp;B WLAC in Nashville aired R&amp;B later nights 500,000 watts signal could be picked up on the east coast throughout the southeast Notable DJs: John Richbourg, Gene Nobles, Hoss Allen Rockabilly Effect of the Depression on record sales Honky Tonk Music Western Swing Circumstances that contributed to the rise of independent labels o Key Factors in the post WWII era Wartime rationing of Shellac major labels drop race music and country artists Postwar economic recovery more $$ for teens and African Americans o Early 1950s Roughly 100 Indie labels in operation Changes in technology after WWII People Blind Lemon Jefferson o Influential blues singer and guitarist o Texas Blues o First Country Blues star H.C. Speir o &quot;Talent broker&quot; and record store owner from Jackson, Mississippi o Sends out demos o Gets blues musicians record deals o Discovers Charley Patton J. Mayo Williams o Pioneering African-American producer of recorded blues music o Helps Paramount become one of the most important race record labels o Signs <a href="/keyword/ma-rainey/" >ma rainey</a> Robert Johnson o Delta blues musician o Country blues artist that had a great influence on later generations o &quot;Grandfather of Rock-and-Roll&quot; o &quot;Sold his soul to the devil&quot; b/c he was so good Mamie Smith o 1920 Records &quot;Crazy Blues&quot; o Start of &quot;Classic Blues&quot; era (aka &quot;race music&quot; era) Albert Hunter, Bessie Smith, <a href="/keyword/ma-rainey/" >ma rainey</a> , Ethel Waters Jimmie Rodgers o &quot;The Father of Country Music&quot; o First country superstar o Bristol Sessions Bob Wills and His Texas Playboys o Western Swing Southern string band music, drums, sax, trumpet Louis Jordan (1908-1975) o More than anyone symbolizes the tradition from the relative smoothness of swing to a more raucous R&amp;B o Signed to Decca in 1929 w/ his band the Tympani 5 o Jordan anticipated the decline of bigger bands and the emergence of smaller, horndriven R&amp;B bands o 1944-1949 Jordan had 10 hits for Decca o Use of the Shuffle Boogie (Walking Bass) an element of Big Band Swing o This style of R&amp;B is commonly referred to as &quot;jump blues&quot; Leo Fender o First commercially producer of guitars Les Paul o Creator of the electric guitar Leonard and Phil Chess o Bought Aristocrat Records and rename it Chess o By the 1950s, Chess becomes the most important label recording urban, electric blues o Willie Dixon Chess's chief songwriter, talent scout, bassist and musical arranger Dixon wrote over 200 songs including &quot;I Just Want to Make Love to You&quot;, &quot;Little Red Rooster&quot;, &quot;Hoochie Coochie Man&quot; o Chess's best known blues artists Muddy Waters (McKinley Morganfield, 1915-1983) Howlin' Wolf (Chester Burnett, 1910-1978) o Chuck Berry Chess's best known Rock &amp; Roll artist &quot;Maybellene&quot; becomes the label's first top-10 hit Buddy Holly o American singer-songwriter and a pioneer of <a href="/keyword/rock-and-roll/" >rock and roll</a> o Dies in a plane crash - February 3, 1959 The day the music died Charlie Christian o American swing and bebop jazz guitarist. o Plays with Benny Goodman o Introduces the electric guitar Nat King Cole o Greatest crooner post-war o Most successful black recording artist before the war o Tops both black and white charts o Does both jazz and pop Todd Storz o Top 10 Radio W.C. Handy o &quot;Father of the Blues&quot; o One of the first to publish blues music (syncopation) Muddy Waters o &quot;the Father of Chicago blues&quot; o Considered one of the greatest bluesmen of all time Howlin' Wolf o Booming voice and looming physical presence o Considered one of the greatest bluesmen of all time Willie Dixon o Chess's chief songwriter, talent scout, bassist and musical arranger o Dixon wrote over 200 songs including &quot;I Just Want to Make Love to You&quot;, &quot;Little Red Rooster&quot;, &quot;Hoochie Coochie Man&quot; Cosimo Matassa o Owner and chief engineer of J&amp;M studios New Orleans R&amp;B sound Heavy rhythm section, light on the horns and piano w/ strong lead vocal Sam Phillips (1923-2003) o Founder of Sun Records Fats Domino o (b.1928) Only performer to outsell Fats was Elvis Big Mama Thornton (1926-1984) o 1953 Cuts original version of &quot;Hound Dog&quot; o Begins her career w/ Johnny Otis (A Greek American Bandleader who &quot;passed&quot; for black and was a force in the development of LA R&amp;B) o Mighty voice, take-no-guff attitude, and incendiary stage performances o Influences Bessie Smith, Memphis Minnie, <a href="/keyword/ma-rainey/" >ma rainey</a> Hank Williams o Leader of Honky Tonk style o 36 top-10 songs Alan Freed (INCOMPLETE) o Promoted black R&amp;B music on the radio as a new term &quot;<a href="/keyword/rock-and-roll/" >rock and roll</a> &quot; o 1954 Freed moves to WINS in New York o 1958 Freed is arrested after a riot breaks out at one of his shows in Boston Bill Haley o One of the first American <a href="/keyword/rock-and-roll/" >rock and roll</a> musicians, and is credited by many with first popularizing this form of music in the mid-1950s with his group Bill Haley &amp; His Comets and their hit song Rock Around the Clock. Ruth Brown (1928-2006) o 21 Top-10 hits from 1949-1960 1951-1954 Brown was the most popular black female vocalist in America and almost single-handedly kept Atlantic solvent James Petrillo o Union president that started the 1942 American Federation of Musicians strike John Logie Baird o Creates the television Dick Clark o Host of American Bandstand o Takes as much money as Freed in Payola but has the backing of his bosses at ABC o Congressional inquiry into Payola led to legislation outlawing the practice Philo T. Farnsworth o First completely electronic television Ahmet Ertegun o Passionate about R&amp;B and Jazz o Signed Ray Charles, Rolling Stones, Led Zeppelin o Along w/ Rolling Stone founder and editor Jann Wenner, Ertegun was a guiding force in the development of the <a href="/keyword/rock-and-roll/" >rock and roll</a> Hall of Fame o Ran Atlantic till his death Leiber &amp; Stoller o One of the most important songwriting teams of the 1950s and 1960s o Began writing R&amp;B songs as teens o Known for elaborate, sophisticated pop songs with orchestral flourishes o Wrote many hit songs for the Coasters and the Drifters (e.g. &quot;There Goes My Baby&quot;, &quot;Charlie Brown&quot;, &quot;Spanish Harlem&quot;) Jerry Wexler o 1953 Ertegun hires Jerry Wexler to become one of the architects of the sound of soul music in the 1960s Ralph Peer (1892-1960) o Talent scout for Victor Talking Machine Company o Bristol Sessions (1927) The &quot;big bang&quot; of country music Emergence of the Carter Family (Sara, Maybelle, A.P.) &amp; Jimmy Rodgers Cultural sharing by whites and blacks (e.g. A.P. Carter &amp; Lesley Riddle) Carter Family o Bristol Sessions o Cultural sharing by whites and blacks (e.g. A.P. Carter &amp; Lesley Riddle) Roy Acuff o &quot;King of Country Music&quot; o Becomes the Opry's 1st national celebrity o Traditionalist Billie Holiday o Pioneered a new way of manipulating wording and tempo, and also popularized a more personal and intimate approach to singing. o &quot;Strange Fruit&quot; Elvis Chuck Berry o Chess's best known Rock &amp; Roll artist o &quot;Maybellene&quot; becomes the label's first top-10 hit o Electric guitar <a href="/keyword/rock-and-roll/" >rock and roll</a> Principle figures of Swing music o o o o o o o o Benny Goodman &quot;King of Swing&quot; Racial integration Adds black musicians into his band Bring black music to young white audience Chick Webb One of the best-regarded bandleaders &amp; drummers of the new &quot;Swing&quot; style Artie Shaw Best jazz musicians of his time Signed Billie Holiday as vocalist Ellington Teddy Wilson Billie Holiday John Hammond (1910-1987) Talent scout &amp; promoter One of the most important non-musicians in pop music history Hammond plated a significant role in Benny Goodman's career as well as the career of Bessie Smith, Billie Holiday, Count Bessie * 1938 Hammond organizes a concert entitled &quot;From Spirituals to Swing&quot; at Carnegie Hall in New York celebrating the contributions of African American to <a href="/keyword/american-popular-music/" >american popular music</a> Hammond hoped to book Robert Johnson to play the blues, but Johnson had died Not on study guide o Vernon Dalhart &quot;Wreck of the Old 96&quot; 1st country hit o DeFord Bailey Virtuoso harmonica player &amp; first black star of the Grand Ole Opry o Ernest Tubb Country artist in the 1940s &amp; Early Honky Tonk sound from TX o Gene Autry Country Western / Singing Cowboy o Bill Monroe Father of Bluegrass o Charles Peabody (1903) - Publishes the first examination of black vernacular music from the Mississippi Delta Things ASCAP/BMI &quot;war&quot; o Late 1930s The 4 big radio networks NBC, CBS, ABC, and Mutual were fighting with ASCAP o ASCAP assured it's members (composers and publishing companies) they would get royalties from the radio industry for broadcasting their songs o With the popularity of Swing, ASCAP pressured the networks to come up with more money o ASCAP's dominance results in th formation of the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) Motivated to organize after being subjected to ASCAP's greed o BMI Rival to ASCAP Welcomed songwriters working outside of Tin Pan Alley Country and R&amp;B 1942 American Federation of Musicians called a strike against recording companies Union president James Petrillo wanted his members to receive royalties every time a record was played on the radio or in a jukebox (there were 400,000 jukeboxes in the U.S. by this time) 1943 Decca and Capitol signed contracts with the union and resumed recording instrumental music. Columbia &amp; Victor did not reach agreements w/ the union until 1944 At the time the union did not consider vocalists as &quot;musicians&quot; National Association of Broadcasters o Fender Broadcaster/Telecaster/Precision bass o First mass-produced guitars Bristol Sessions 33.3 rpm LP 45 rpm Top-40 Radio o Todd Storz Magnetic tape Musicians' Union strike American Bandstand Jukeboxes Teenagers and money Payola Atlantic Records o 1947 Founded by Ahmet Ertegun and Herb and Miriam Abramson o R&amp;B oriented &quot;vocal&quot; label o 1953 Ertegun hires Jerry Wexler to become one of the architects of the sound of soul music in the 1960s o Ertegun sells Atlandtic to Warner Seven Arts in 1967 for $17.5 million Introduction of Television &quot;Rocket 88&quot; Black Swan Independent labels Battle of the speeds Grand Ole Opry o 1925 Debut of the Grand Ole Opry on WSM o Originally called WSM Barn Dance o Hosted by George D. Hay &quot;The Solemn Old Judge&quot; o DeFord Bailey 1st black star of the Grand Ole Opry o 1939 1st half hour of Opry broadcast syndicated on the NBC radio network Roy Acuff becomes the Opry's 1st national celebrity &quot;Maybellene&quot; o Chuck Berry o Chess's first Top-10 hit &quot;Strange Fruit&quot; o Billie Holiday WLAC Not on the study guide o Nashville Sound/ Countrypolitan Citified country music / Sounds more pop / Lush Arrangements Patsy Cline, Chet Atkins, Owen Bradley o Bluegrass Not Country per se but often lumped in with Country Bill Monroe (Father of Bluegrass) o The New Orleans Scene Historically diverse population French, Spanish, African, Native American, Cajun, and Creole Cosimo Matassa Fats Domino o Memphis &amp; Sun Records Sam C. Phillips - Founder Important political change 1954 Brown vs. Board of Education End of Jim Crow Originally called the Memphis Recording Service o &quot;Rocket 88&quot; recorded by Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats (AKA Ike Turner's Kings of Rhythm) often referred to as &quot;the first rock &amp; roll record&quot; Noteable Indie labels Vee Jay (1953) Predates Motown as the first black-owned record label since the 1920s King (1943) Recorded hillbilly &amp; race music Modern (1945) LA-based R&amp;B label run by the four Bihari brothers Duke/Peacock (1952) Recorded primarily R&amp;B and Gospel, Duke was a Memphis-based label bout out by Peacock owner Don Robey. Robey was another key black businessman in the indie era.