400A
Applications CHEM of Chemistry
Dave Berg Elliott 314 [e-mail]
WORLD DRUG SALES (JUL 07-JUN 08)
710 Billion US$ (up 4% last year; 18% since 2006)
USA Japan France Germany Italy UK Spain CANADA China Brazil
288B$ 64 43 40 25 24 22 19 17 12
41% (share of world) 9 6 6 4 3 3 2.7 (+6% last 12 mo.) 2.4 (+28%) 1.7 (+10%)
Top 10
553
78%
THERAPIES Cholesterol & fat reducers 32.7 Antiulcerants Antidepressants Antipsychotics NSAIDS Ca antagonists (BP) Erythropoietin Antiepileptics Oral antidiabetics Anticancer Platelet inhibitors 11.4
2006 US$B
% 5.6 (+4%)
27.6 20.3 17.2 11.4 12.1 13.1 12.1 2.0 13.5 10.3
4.7 3.5 3.0 (+10%) 2.1 (-15%) 2.1 2.2 2.1
2.3 (+40%) 1.8 (+9%)
Top 10
170
29
DRUGS (08 Jun) Lipitor Plavix Pfizer Cholesterol 13.8B$ (-2%) 8.3(+33%)
BMS/Sanofi-Aventis
(Platelet aggregation inhibitor atherosclerosis) Nexium Advair Enbrel Seroquel Zyprexa Risperdal Remicade Singulair Top 10 drugs Norvasc Zoloft Effexor 2006 Pfizer Pfizer Wyerth BP, angina Depression Depression AstraZenica Ulcers 7.7 (+8%) 7.5 (+7%) 5.6 (+12%) 5.1 (+18%) 5.1 (-1%) 5.0 (+8%) 4.7 (+16%) 4.6 (+9%) 59 5.0 in 2006 3.6 in 2006 3.8 in
GlaxoSmithKline Asthma Amgen AstraZeneca Lilly Johnson Centocor Merck Rheumatoid arthritis Bipolar disorder Schizophrenia Schizophrenia Crohn's disease, arthritis Asthma, allergies
ANTACIDS Stomach secretes 1.5-3 L/day of hydrochloric acid Normal pH = 0.9-1.5
Coffee, alcohol, spices smoking, obesity, stress all seem to promote acid production TOO much acid, pH goes too low = pain holes in lining = ulcers = pain weak valve between stomach/esophagus = acid in throat = pain
Need to neutralize acid, so add a base
+
H + HOHO pH < 10 to avoid burning throat so cannot NaOH use (!) [pH to high, too alkaline] Mg(OH) pH 9-10 OK Milk of Magnesia Laxative
Mg(OH)2 + Al(OH)3 = MAALOX, MYLANTA, DIGEL,........ laxative ~ constipator = zero
Bases are not restricted to hydroxides, a salt of any WEAK acid will also do:
22 3
eg. a carbonate
CO3
Na CO
again sodium carbonate, washing soda is too alkaline but calcium carbonate (chalk or limestone) is less basic
3
too much calciumTUMS are the kidneys + acid rebound is hard on CaCO so less than 2-3 g/day is recommended
ROLAIDS = CaCO3 + some Mg(OH)2 they used to be NaAl(OH)2CO3 but changed in 1989 because of `trend to Ca supplements' and because for a while there was concern about a possible Alzheimer's Aluminum link. BICARBONATES can also be used Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3 baking soda, cheap, easy access (fridges) OK for occasional use, but raises pH of blood, and too much sodium is not a good idea for high bp (obese)
+
FIZZ, GAS! H + (HCO3)- H2O + CO
`Milk shaking' racehorses:
Give NaHCO3 prior to a race: neutralizes build-up of...