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I Chapter Goals of Psychology: 1. Describe behavior What. Classify or name. 2. Explain behavior Why. Why a behavior or mental process occurred. Nature Vs. Nurture 3. Predict behavior Likelihood. Identify the conditions under which a future behavior is likely to occur. 4. Change behavior prevent unwanted outcomes or bring about desire goals History of Psychology Wilhelm Wundt (Father of psychology) (Structuralism) Establish the first psychology laboratory in Germany in 1879. He wrote Principles of Physiological Psychology, the most important book in the history of psychology. He and his followers were interested in studying conscious experience-how we form sensations, images, and feelings. Their methodology was introspection, monitoring, and reporting on the contents. Structuralism Wundt & Edward Titchener Edward Titchener (Structuralism) He brought Wundt's ideas to the United States and established a psychological laboratory at Cornell University. He sought to out identify the basic building blocks, or structures, of the mind. This became Structuralism which dealt with the structure of mental life. They believed elements of conscious experience combined to form the compounds of the mind. It soon failed because when different observers introspected and then disagreed on their experiences. It could also not be used for nonhuman animals, children, or complex topics like mental disorders or personality. Functionalism Study of how the mind functions to adapt human and nonhuman animals to their environment. It was strongly influenced by Darwin's theory of evolution and natural selection. They asked questions like "Why do we have the emotion of anger?" William James (Functionalism) An American scholar who was a leading force in functionalist school. His book Principles of Psychology became the leading psychology text. He broadened psychology to include nonhuman animal behavior, various biological processes, and behaviors.
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TAMIU Psychology 1301 exam 1 Part III
Path: TAMU Intl. >> PSYCH >> 1301 Spring, 2008
Description: Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic perspective Focuses on unconscious processes and unresolved past conflicts. Sigmund Freud Austrian physician who was fascinated with the mind\'s influence on behavior and physical body. He believed that problems are cause...
TAMIU Psychology 1301 exam 1 Part IV
Path: TAMU Intl. >> PSYCH >> 1301 Spring, 2008
Description: Survey Research technique that questions a large sample of people to access their behaviors and attitudes. Case-Study In-depth study of a single research participant. Correlation Research Scientific study in which the researcher observes or measur...
TAMIU Psychology 1301 exam 1 Part IX
Path: TAMU Intl. >> PSYCH >> 1301 Spring, 2008
Description: Chapter IV Transduction Converting a stimulus to a receptor into neural impulses Cornea a protective, transparent tissue that, because of its convex curvature, helps focus incoming light rays. Iris Provides color. Pupil light intensity. ...
TAMIU Psychology 1301 exam 1 Part V
Path: TAMU Intl. >> PSYCH >> 1301 Spring, 2008
Description: Chapter II Neuroscience Interdisciplinary field studying how biological processes relate to behavioral and mental processes. Neuron Cell of the nervous system responsible for receiving and transmitting electrochemical information Glial Cells Cell...
TAMIU Psychology 1301 exam 1 Part VI
Path: TAMU Intl. >> PSYCH >> 1301 Spring, 2008
Description: Action Potential Neural impulse that carries information along the axon of a neuron. The action potential is generated when positively charged ions move in and out through channels in the axon\'s membrane Neurotransmitters Chemicals released by neur...
TAMIU Psychology 1301 exam 1 Part VII
Path: TAMU Intl. >> PSYCH >> 1301 Spring, 2008
Description: Sympathetic Nervous System Arouses body to expend energy and respond to threat Parasympathetic Calms body to conserve energy and restore the status quo Sensory Transmits messages from sense organs to the central nervous system; also known as affer...
TAMIU Psychology 1301 exam 1 Part VIII
Path: TAMU Intl. >> PSYCH >> 1301 Spring, 2008
Description: Midbrain Collection of brain structures in the middle of the brain responsible for coordinating movement patterns, sleep, and arousal Forebrain Collection of upper-level brain structures including the thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, and cere...
TAMIU Psychology 1301 exam 2 Part I
Path: TAMU Intl. >> PSYCH >> 1301 Spring, 2008
Description: March 7, 2008 [Psychology] Consciousness an organism\'s awareness of its own self and surroundings Controlled Processing Mental activities requiring focused attention that generally interfere with other ongoing activities Automatic Process Mental...
TAMIU Psychology 1301 exam 2 Part II
Path: TAMU Intl. >> PSYCH >> 1301 Spring, 2008
Description: March 7, 2008 [Psychology] REM (Varies ;) Deepest sleep and the lightest; Insomnia Persistent problems in falling asleep or wakening too early. Sleep Apnea Repeated interruption of breathing during sleep because air passages to the lungs are phy...
TAMIU Psychology 1301 exam 2 Part III
Path: TAMU Intl. >> PSYCH >> 1301 Spring, 2008
Description: March 7, 2008 [Psychology] Neutral Stimulus (NS) A stimulus that, before conditioning, does not naturally bring about the response of interest Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Previously neutral stimulus that, through repeated pairings with an unconditi...
TAMIU Psychology 1301 exam 2 Part IV
Path: TAMU Intl. >> PSYCH >> 1301 Spring, 2008
Description: March 7, 2008 [Psychology] with a while rate to find out if he was afraid of rates. Albert was curious and reaches for the rat, showing no fear. Using the fact that infants are naturally frightened by loud noises, Watson stood behind Albert and aga...
TAMIU Psychology 1301 exam 2 Part IX
Path: TAMU Intl. >> PSYCH >> 1301 Spring, 2008
Description: March 7, 2008 [Psychology] Implicit (Non-declarative) Memory Subsystem within long-term memory that consists of unconscious procedural skills, simple classically conditioned responses, and priming Implicit Procedural memory (riding a bike), class...
TAMIU Psychology 1301 exam 2 Part V
Path: TAMU Intl. >> PSYCH >> 1301 Spring, 2008
Description: March 7, 2008 [Psychology] Primary Reinforcers Stimuli that increase the probability of a response because they satisfy a biological need, such as food, water, and sex. Secondary Reinforcers Stimuli that increase the probability of a response beca...
TAMIU Psychology 1301 exam 2 Part VI
Path: TAMU Intl. >> PSYCH >> 1301 Spring, 2008
Description: March 7, 2008 [Psychology] Variable Interval Schedule Reinforcement occurs unpredictably; the interval varies. Relatively low response rates, but they are steady because the nonhuman animal or person cannot predict when reward will come. In a class...
TAMIU Psychology 1301 exam 2 Part VII
Path: TAMU Intl. >> PSYCH >> 1301 Spring, 2008
Description: March 7, 2008 [Psychology] Storage Retaining neutrally coded information over time Retrieval Recovering information from memory storage Information Processing Approach Memory is a process, analogous to a computer, where information goes through...
TAMIU Psychology 1301 exam 2 Part VIII
Path: TAMU Intl. >> PSYCH >> 1301 Spring, 2008
Description: March 7, 2008 [Psychology] Levels of processing The degree of depth of mental processing that occurs when material is initially encountered determines how well it\'s later remembered Sensory Memory First memory stage that holds sensory informatio...
TAMIU Psychology 1301 exam 2 Part X
Path: TAMU Intl. >> PSYCH >> 1301 Spring, 2008
Description: March 7, 2008 Thalamus [Psychology] Formation of new memories and spatial and working memory Encoding of explicit memories; storage of episodic and semantic memories; skill learning; priming; working memory Cortex Retrograde Amnesia Loss of memor...
TAMIU Psychology 1301 exam 2 Part XI
Path: TAMU Intl. >> PSYCH >> 1301 Spring, 2008
Description: March 7, 2008 Blocks Phonemes [Psychology] Description The smallest unit of sound that make up every language The smallest unit that carry meaning; they are created by combining phonemes A system of rules used to generate acceptable language that en...
Web Activity 6
Path: Wisconsin >> POLI SCI >> 104 Fall, 2005
Description: Web Activity 6 For this web activity, the topic I chose to research was Criminal Procedure: Search and Seizure. The five cases I decided to look into further were; 1. California v. Ciraolo 476 U.S. 207 (1986), Docket number: 84-1513, Argued: Decembe...
Web Activity 5
Path: Wisconsin >> POLI SCI >> 104 Fall, 2005
Description: For this web activity, I used my downtown zip code to find out who my representative is. Using 53703-1987, I found that Tammy Baldwin (D) is the representative for district 2 in Wisconsin. The votes that I chose were; 1. 10/31/03 Emergency Supplemen...
Web Activity 4
Path: Wisconsin >> POLI SCI >> 104 Fall, 2005
Description: Web Activity 4 For web activity 4, the representative I chose is Tammy Baldwin, a democrat, representing district 2 in Wisconsin. The two issues I chose for this activity are Tammy Baldwin\'s Interest Group Ratings for abortion issues, and for animal ...
Web Activity 2
Path: Wisconsin >> POLI SCI >> 104 Fall, 2005
Description: Web Activity 2 I have chosen abortion as my topic to discuss for this web activity. The only surprises I really have after looking over the data was how close the opposing sides really are. In most of the surveys, it wasn\'t more than a few percentage...
Web Activity 3
Path: Wisconsin >> POLI SCI >> 104 Fall, 2005
Description: Web Activity 3 For assignment three, I chose the survey titled \"Public Support for War Resilient: Bush\'s Standing Improves.\" One of the most interesting thing I found from reading the findings of this survey was taken from the first sentence of the a...
Web Activity 1
Path: Wisconsin >> POLI SCI >> 104 Fall, 2005
Description: Web Activity 1 After taking web activity one, I was very surprised that I was labeled a \"Centrist.\" I was also very surprised that my score for personal issues and my score for economic issues were exactly the same! I had always thought of myself as ...
Comp. 2
Path: Wisconsin >> SPANISH >> 204 Fall, 2004
Description: Composicin 2 (re-write) Mi fiesta es llamada \"el da de comer mucho.\" Durante esta fiesta, todas las personas del mundo comen mucha comida. La fiesta se celebra el 27 de agosto. ( el da de mis cumpleaos, gracias!) Porque todas las personas necesitan c...
Comp. 1
Path: Wisconsin >> SPANISH >> 204 Fall, 2004
Description: Composicin 1 Leonor fue a casa sola, ella fue aliviada que ella le haba dicho a sus padres el secreto. Cuando ella andaba a la estacin del autobs, un hombre se la acerc. \"Perdone, seorita? Tienes una sonrisa bonita. . . \" Dijo el hombre misterio. \"Gr...
credito extra
Path: Wisconsin >> SPANISH >> 204 Fall, 2004
Description: Crdito Extra Reviso la pelcula, < Y T Mam Tambin >. Pens que la pelcula tuvo un cuento muy bueno. Deba entender y seguir el cuento. Leyendo los subttulos eran ms difcil. Tenoch era mi carcter favorito. Yo lo pens que era extrao cmo los chicos adoraro...
Comp. 3
Path: Wisconsin >> SPANISH >> 204 Fall, 2004
Description: Composicin 3 (re-write) Querida Abby, Tengo un problema, mi novio no me presta mucha atencin a m recientemente. Dudo que l tenga otra novia. Parece muy extrao. Quiero hablar con l, pero no estoy segura cmo. Yo s que l no es grosero. Prefiero que l h...
210Paper
Path: Wisconsin >> SOC >> 210 Fall, 2005
Description: Mark Twain once wrote, \"In the first place, God made idiots. That was for practice. Then he made school boards.\" Ever since the establishment of an organized system of education, there has been a desire to improve and change the system. The most effe...
Intro
Path: Wisconsin >> SOC >> 210 Fall, 2005
Description: Mark Twain once wrote, \"In the first place, God made idiots. That was for practice. Then he made school boards.\" Ever since the establishment of an organized system of education, there has been a desire to improve and change the system. The most effe...
Short Paper # 4
Path: Wisconsin >> SOC >> 210 Fall, 2005
Description: Short Paper # 4 By definition, secularization is the decline of religious belief, practice, and authority due to modernity (Seidman, 4/4/05). I don\'t believe that secularization is currently taking place in the United States; in fact, I believe that ...
Outline for Paper
Path: Wisconsin >> SOC >> 210 Fall, 2005
Description: I. Introduction A. Background on School Vouchers i. What is a \"School Voucher\"? ii. Where can you use School Vouchers? a. Public Schools b. Private (secular) Schools c. Private (non-secular) Schools iii. Who is eligible for School Vouchers? iv. Who...
Proposal for Paper
Path: Wisconsin >> SOC >> 210 Fall, 2005
Description: Megan Barlow March 6, 2005 Sociology 210 TA: Matt Nichter Discussion Section 302 Question: How would school vouchers help or hurt our education systems? o Liberalism Resurgent: a Response to the Right, Myth: Vouchers will improve our Schools, Fact: V...
Short Paper # 2
Path: Wisconsin >> SOC >> 210 Fall, 2005
Description: Short Paper # 2 In Ain\'t No Makin\' It: Aspirations and Attainment in a Low-Income Neighborhood by Jay MacLeod, he attributes the success of the Brothers to an \"Achievement Ideology;\" the thought \"if you work hard, you\'ll get ahead.\" MacLeod also beli...
Short Paper # 3
Path: Wisconsin >> SOC >> 210 Fall, 2005
Description: Short Paper # 3: Song Lyric Analysis \"Where is this love? I cant see it. I cant touch it. I cant feel it. I can hear it, I can hear some words but I cant do anything with your easy words.\" Alice (Natalie Portman), \"Closer\". She\'s right. You can\'t se...
101-1_07
Path: Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 Spring, 2007
Description: Econ 101 Lecture 1 Should there be twelve sections of Econ 101 or only one? Students learn more effectively in smaller classes. But smaller classes are also more expensive. Some relevant costs: Faculty salary: $60,000 per \"course\" Per student faculty...
The_Economic_Naturalist
Path: Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 Spring, 2007
Description: The Economic Naturalist In Search of Solutions to Everyday Enigmas Robert H. Frank Basic Books April 2007 2 THE ECONOMIC NATURALIST In Search of Solutions to Everyday Enigmas Robert H. Frank Contents Acknowledgments Introduction Chapter 1. Rec...
101-2_07
Path: Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 Spring, 2007
Description: Econ 101 Lecture 2 The Economic Naturalist Example 2.1. \"Why do the keypad buttons on drive-up automatic teller machines have Braille dots?\" (Bill Tjoa) Example 2.2. Why are child safety seats required in cars but not in airplanes?\" (Greg Balet) A m...
101-3_07
Path: Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 Spring, 2007
Description: Econ 101 Lecture 3 Some Common Pitfalls for Decision Makers Pitfall #1. Measuring Costs and Benefits as proportions rather than as absolute dollar amounts (as in the K-Mart vs. Campus Store examples from lecture 1) Exercise: Your employer has a trave...
101-4_07
Path: Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 Spring, 2007
Description: Econ 101 Lecture 4 Comparative Advantage: The Basis of Exchange Why do people exchange goods and services in the first place? Why not just produce our own food, cars, clothing, shelter, and the like? The answer is that we can all have more of every g...
101-5_07
Path: Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 Spring, 2007
Description: Econ 101 Lecture 5 How much does specialization matter? (I) Example 5.1. George and Tom are mechanics. Tom can replace 15 clutches per day or 10 sets of brakes; George can replace 10 clutches per day or 15 sets of brakes. At their garage, the number ...
101-6_07
Path: Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 Spring, 2007
Description: Econ 101 Lecture 6 Markets and Prices Why does Derek Jeter earn more than Sharon Weaver? Why do diamonds cost more than water? Why do Picasso\'s paintings sell for more than Leroy Nieman\'s? Is it cost of production that determines prices (as Adam Smit...
101-7_07
Path: Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 Spring, 2007
Description: Econ 101 Lecture 7 When all relevant production costs are incurred by sellers, and when all relevant product benefits accrue to buyers, the market equilibrium price and quantity are socially optimal. P S P* D Q* Q When Smart for One is Dumb for All...
101-07_Reading_list
Path: Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 Spring, 2007
Description: Cornell University Department of Economics Frank Economics 101: Introductory Microeconomics Reading List and Course Outline Spring, 2007 Prof. R. H. No matter what career you ultimately choose, you will be more likely to succeed if you understand t...
101-8_07
Path: Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 Spring, 2007
Description: Econ 101 Lecture 8 Price Elasticity of Demand A measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded to changes in price. Highly responsive = \"elastic\" Highly unresponsive = \"inelastic\" Price elasticity of demand = The percentage change in the quantity...
101-9_07
Path: Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 Spring, 2007
Description: Econ 101 Lecture 9 The Law of Demand: People do less of what they want to do as the cost of doing it rises. The cost of an activity, good, or service involves not just monetary costs, but nonmonetary costs as well. Example 9.1. \"Free\" Hgen-Ds ice cre...
101-10_07
Path: Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 Spring, 2007
Description: Econ 101 Lecture 10 Substitution is the most important reason for the law of demand. When the price of something rises, we turn to substitutes. When the price of energy rises, people: form carpools take fewer trips buy 4-cylinder cars take public tra...
101-11_07
Path: Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 Spring, 2007
Description: Econ 101 Lecture 11 Example 11.1. How should Leroy divide his time between picking apples and writing pulp fiction? A men\'s magazine will pay Leroy 10 cents per word to write fiction articles. He must decide how to divide his time between writing fic...
101-12_07
Path: Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 Spring, 2007
Description: Econ 101 Lecture 12 A Note on the Firm\'s Shut-Down Condition It might seem that a firm that can sell as much output as it wishes at a constant market price would always do best in the short run by producing and selling the output level for which pric...
101-13_07
Path: Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 Spring, 2007
Description: Econ 101 Lecture 13 Markets allocate scarce goods and services on the basis of willingness to pay. Similarly, cost-benefit analysis resolves public decisions on the basis of willingness to pay. Is that a good thing to do? Doesn\'t willingness-to-pay ...
101-14_07
Path: Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 Spring, 2007
Description: Economics 101 Lecture 14 Calculating Total Economic Surplus Consumer surplus: the difference between the most a buyer would have been willing to pay for a product and the amount it actually costs her. Producer surplus: the difference between what a c...
101-15_07
Path: Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 Spring, 2007
Description: Economics 101 Lecture 15 Example 15.1. For the supply and demand curves shown, suppose a tax of $6/lb is levied on sellers. What share of the burden of this tax be borne by buyers? By sellers? Price ($/lb) 18 S 6 0 Quantity 12 18 (millions of lb/mon...
101-16_07
Path: Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 Spring, 2007
Description: Economics 101 Lecture The rationing function of price: to distribute scarce goods to those consumers who value them most highly. The allocative function of price: to direct resources away from overcrowded markets and toward markets that are underserv...
101-17_07
Path: Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 Spring, 2007
Description: Econ 101 Lecture 17 The Perfectly Competitive Firm Is a Price Taker (Recap) The perfectly competitive firm has no influence over the market price. It can sell as many units as it wishes at that price. Typically, a \"perfectly\" competitive industry is ...
101-18_07
Path: Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 Spring, 2007
Description: NCC 502 Lecture 13 Does the fact that perfect competition is socially efficient and monopoly is not mean that we should outlaw monopoly? Suppose the monopoly in question is the result of a patent that prevents all but one firm from manufacturing a hi...
101-19_07
Path: Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 Spring, 2007
Description: Econ 101 Lecture 19 Games and Strategic Behavior Thus far, we have viewed economic decision makers as confronting an environment that is essentially passive. But there exist many cases in which relevant costs and benefits depend not only on the behav...
Social Work 206
Path: Wisconsin >> SOC WK >> 206 Spring, 2004
Description: There has been an ongoing political debate over what to do about the problems with our current Social Security program. Before I explain what some of the problems and proposed solutions are, let me start with a background on Social Security. In 1935,...
101-20_07
Path: Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 Spring, 2007
Description: Econ 101 Lecture 20 Resolving Prisoner\'s Dilemmas and Other Commitment Problems In games like the prisoner\'s dilemma, the hockey helmet game, the ultimatum bargaining game, and the satellite office game, players have trouble arriving at the outcomes ...
101-22_07
Path: Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 Spring, 2007
Description: 1 Econ 101 Lecture 22 The Tragedy of the Commons Example 22.1. A village has five residents, each of whom has accumulated savings of $100. Each villager has two investment opportunities: 1. Buy government bond for $100 that pays 12% interest per year...
101-21_07
Path: Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 Spring, 2007
Description: Econ 101 Lecture 21 Externalities Sometimes costs or benefits that result from an activity accrue to people not directly involved in the activity. These are called external costs or external benefits- externalities for short. Example 21.1. Sara is an...
101-23_07
Path: Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 Spring, 2007
Description: Econ 101 Lecture 23 Information and Search Example 23.1. Suppose you want a new tennis racquet, but aren\'t sure which brand & model to buy. Dick\'s has a large selection, so you go there and ask a salesperson for advice. After some discussion about yo...
101-24_07
Path: Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 Spring, 2007
Description: Econ 101 Lecture 24 Communication Between Potential Adversaries When a toad and his rival vie for the same mate, each faces an important strategic decision. Should he fight for her or set off in search of another? To fight is to risk injury. But to c...
101-26_07
Path: Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 Spring, 2007
Description: Econ 101 Lecture 26 Winner-Take-All Markets People\'s incomes differ because of differences in their \"human capital,\" an amalgam of education, training, experience, intelligence, energy, and other personal attributes that affect productivity. These fa...
101-25_07
Path: Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 Spring, 2007
Description: Econ 101 Lecture 25 Wage and Salary Determination Example 25.1. Brady\'s Brick Company is one of hundreds of small firms that hire labor to mould bricks out of clay, which are then sold in the world market for ten cents apiece. Brady\'s only costs are ...
101-27_07
Path: Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 Spring, 2007
Description: 101 Lecture 27 Public Goods Public goods are those goods or services that possess, in varying degrees, the properties of nondiminishability and nonexcludability. Nondiminishability: any one person\'s consumption of a public good has no effect on the a...
101-28_07
Path: Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 Spring, 2007
Description: Engle Memorial Lecture May 2, 2000 Robert H. Frank Most of us were taught from an early age not to worry about how our incomes compare with the incomes of others. This sensible advice stems from the observation that since there will always be others ...
101_Draft_Prelim_2_makeup_07_2
Path: Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 Spring, 2007
Description: Use the following diagram in questions 1 through 4. Figure 1: Peanut Market Price ($/bag) 24 20 16 12 8 4 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 D Quantity (1000s of bags/day) S 1. Suppose the peanut market is in equilibrium. The government is considering a ban on the produ...
101_Final_Q__05
Path: Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 Spring, 2007
Description: Cornell University Department of Economics Economics 101 Final Examination Professor R.H. Frank Spring 2005 Multiple Choice. Choose the best answer. (3 points each) On the bubble sheet, fill in the best response for each question 2 QUESTIONS 1-2 ...
101_Final_Q_A__05
Path: Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 Spring, 2007
Description: Cornell University Department of Economics Economics 101 Final Examination Professor R.H. Frank Spring 2005 Multiple Choice. Choose the best answer. (3 points each) On the bubble sheet, fill in the best response for each question 2 QUESTIONS 1-2 ...
101_plim_1-07_makeup_Q_A
Path: Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 Spring, 2007
Description: Cornell University Department of Economics Your name_ Fall 2007 Prof. R.H. Frank Your signature_ Your TA\'s name_ Economics 101 First Preliminary Examination (Makeup) For each of the 20 multiple-choice questions below, circle the best response IN...