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7, March 2008 [Psychology] Variable Interval Schedule Reinforcement occurs unpredictably; the interval varies. Relatively low response rates, but they are steady because the nonhuman animal or person cannot predict when reward will come. In a class with pop quizzes, you study at a slow but steady rate because you can't anticipate the next quiz. Variable Interval Shaping Reinforcement delivered for successive approximations of the desired response. Positive Punishment Adding a stimulus that weakens a response and makes it less likely to recur. Negative Punishment Taking away a stimulus that weakens a response and makes it less likely to recur. Positive Punishment (Adds stimulus and weakens the behavior) You must run 4 extra laps in your gym class because you were late A parent adds chores following a child's poor report card Your boss complains about your performance Negative Punishment (Takes stimulus away and weakens behavior) the You're excluded from gym class because you were late A parent takes away a teen's cell phone following a poor report card Your boss reduced your expense account after a poor performance Side effects of Operant Conditioning Increased aggression, passive aggressiveness, Avoidance behavior, Modeling, Temporary suppression, and learned helplessness Observational (Social) Learning Learning new behavior or information by watching others Bandura's classic Bobo dolls study A child watched while an adult hit the Bobo doll and then imitated the behavior Observation learning Needs attention, Retention, Motor reproduction, and reinforcement. Memory An internal record or representation of some prior event of experience Information-Processing Approach Information goes through three basic operations-encoding, storage, and retrieval. Encoding Translating information into neural codes Psychology Review
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TAMU Intl. >> PSYCH >> 1301 (Spring, 2008)
March 7, 2008 [Psychology] Storage Retaining neutrally coded information over time Retrieval Recovering information from memory storage Information Processing Approach Memory is a process, analogous to a computer, where information goes through...
TAMU Intl. >> PSYCH >> 1301 (Spring, 2008)
March 7, 2008 [Psychology] Levels of processing The degree of depth of mental processing that occurs when material is initially encountered determines how well it\'s later remembered Sensory Memory First memory stage that holds sensory informatio...
TAMU Intl. >> PSYCH >> 1301 (Spring, 2008)
March 7, 2008 Thalamus [Psychology] Formation of new memories and spatial and working memory Encoding of explicit memories; storage of episodic and semantic memories; skill learning; priming; working memory Cortex Retrograde Amnesia Loss of memor...
TAMU Intl. >> PSYCH >> 1301 (Spring, 2008)
March 7, 2008 Blocks Phonemes [Psychology] Description The smallest unit of sound that make up every language The smallest unit that carry meaning; they are created by combining phonemes A system of rules used to generate acceptable language that en...
Wisconsin >> POLI SCI >> 104 (Fall, 2005)
Web Activity 6 For this web activity, the topic I chose to research was Criminal Procedure: Search and Seizure. The five cases I decided to look into further were; 1. California v. Ciraolo 476 U.S. 207 (1986), Docket number: 84-1513, Argued: Decembe...
Wisconsin >> POLI SCI >> 104 (Fall, 2005)
For this web activity, I used my downtown zip code to find out who my representative is. Using 53703-1987, I found that Tammy Baldwin (D) is the representative for district 2 in Wisconsin. The votes that I chose were; 1. 10/31/03 Emergency Supplemen...
Wisconsin >> POLI SCI >> 104 (Fall, 2005)
Web Activity 4 For web activity 4, the representative I chose is Tammy Baldwin, a democrat, representing district 2 in Wisconsin. The two issues I chose for this activity are Tammy Baldwin\'s Interest Group Ratings for abortion issues, and for animal ...
Wisconsin >> POLI SCI >> 104 (Fall, 2005)
Web Activity 2 I have chosen abortion as my topic to discuss for this web activity. The only surprises I really have after looking over the data was how close the opposing sides really are. In most of the surveys, it wasn\'t more than a few percentage...
Wisconsin >> POLI SCI >> 104 (Fall, 2005)
Web Activity 3 For assignment three, I chose the survey titled \"Public Support for War Resilient: Bush\'s Standing Improves.\" One of the most interesting thing I found from reading the findings of this survey was taken from the first sentence of the a...
Wisconsin >> POLI SCI >> 104 (Fall, 2005)
Web Activity 1 After taking web activity one, I was very surprised that I was labeled a \"Centrist.\" I was also very surprised that my score for personal issues and my score for economic issues were exactly the same! I had always thought of myself as ...
Wisconsin >> SPANISH >> 204 (Fall, 2004)
Composicin 2 (re-write) Mi fiesta es llamada \"el da de comer mucho.\" Durante esta fiesta, todas las personas del mundo comen mucha comida. La fiesta se celebra el 27 de agosto. ( el da de mis cumpleaos, gracias!) Porque todas las personas necesitan c...
Wisconsin >> SPANISH >> 204 (Fall, 2004)
Composicin 1 Leonor fue a casa sola, ella fue aliviada que ella le haba dicho a sus padres el secreto. Cuando ella andaba a la estacin del autobs, un hombre se la acerc. \"Perdone, seorita? Tienes una sonrisa bonita. . . \" Dijo el hombre misterio. \"Gr...
Wisconsin >> SPANISH >> 204 (Fall, 2004)
Crdito Extra Reviso la pelcula, < Y T Mam Tambin >. Pens que la pelcula tuvo un cuento muy bueno. Deba entender y seguir el cuento. Leyendo los subttulos eran ms difcil. Tenoch era mi carcter favorito. Yo lo pens que era extrao cmo los chicos adoraro...
Wisconsin >> SPANISH >> 204 (Fall, 2004)
Composicin 3 (re-write) Querida Abby, Tengo un problema, mi novio no me presta mucha atencin a m recientemente. Dudo que l tenga otra novia. Parece muy extrao. Quiero hablar con l, pero no estoy segura cmo. Yo s que l no es grosero. Prefiero que l h...
Wisconsin >> SOC >> 210 (Fall, 2005)
Mark Twain once wrote, \"In the first place, God made idiots. That was for practice. Then he made school boards.\" Ever since the establishment of an organized system of education, there has been a desire to improve and change the system. The most effe...
Wisconsin >> SOC >> 210 (Fall, 2005)
Mark Twain once wrote, \"In the first place, God made idiots. That was for practice. Then he made school boards.\" Ever since the establishment of an organized system of education, there has been a desire to improve and change the system. The most effe...
Wisconsin >> SOC >> 210 (Fall, 2005)
Short Paper # 4 By definition, secularization is the decline of religious belief, practice, and authority due to modernity (Seidman, 4/4/05). I don\'t believe that secularization is currently taking place in the United States; in fact, I believe that ...
Wisconsin >> SOC >> 210 (Fall, 2005)
I. Introduction A. Background on School Vouchers i. What is a \"School Voucher\"? ii. Where can you use School Vouchers? a. Public Schools b. Private (secular) Schools c. Private (non-secular) Schools iii. Who is eligible for School Vouchers? iv. Who...
Wisconsin >> SOC >> 210 (Fall, 2005)
Megan Barlow March 6, 2005 Sociology 210 TA: Matt Nichter Discussion Section 302 Question: How would school vouchers help or hurt our education systems? o Liberalism Resurgent: a Response to the Right, Myth: Vouchers will improve our Schools, Fact: V...
Wisconsin >> SOC >> 210 (Fall, 2005)
Short Paper # 2 In Ain\'t No Makin\' It: Aspirations and Attainment in a Low-Income Neighborhood by Jay MacLeod, he attributes the success of the Brothers to an \"Achievement Ideology;\" the thought \"if you work hard, you\'ll get ahead.\" MacLeod also beli...
Wisconsin >> SOC >> 210 (Fall, 2005)
Short Paper # 3: Song Lyric Analysis \"Where is this love? I cant see it. I cant touch it. I cant feel it. I can hear it, I can hear some words but I cant do anything with your easy words.\" Alice (Natalie Portman), \"Closer\". She\'s right. You can\'t se...
Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 (Spring, 2007)
Econ 101 Lecture 1 Should there be twelve sections of Econ 101 or only one? Students learn more effectively in smaller classes. But smaller classes are also more expensive. Some relevant costs: Faculty salary: $60,000 per \"course\" Per student faculty...
Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 (Spring, 2007)
The Economic Naturalist In Search of Solutions to Everyday Enigmas Robert H. Frank Basic Books April 2007 2 THE ECONOMIC NATURALIST In Search of Solutions to Everyday Enigmas Robert H. Frank Contents Acknowledgments Introduction Chapter 1. Rec...
Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 (Spring, 2007)
Econ 101 Lecture 2 The Economic Naturalist Example 2.1. \"Why do the keypad buttons on drive-up automatic teller machines have Braille dots?\" (Bill Tjoa) Example 2.2. Why are child safety seats required in cars but not in airplanes?\" (Greg Balet) A m...
Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 (Spring, 2007)
Econ 101 Lecture 3 Some Common Pitfalls for Decision Makers Pitfall #1. Measuring Costs and Benefits as proportions rather than as absolute dollar amounts (as in the K-Mart vs. Campus Store examples from lecture 1) Exercise: Your employer has a trave...
Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 (Spring, 2007)
Econ 101 Lecture 4 Comparative Advantage: The Basis of Exchange Why do people exchange goods and services in the first place? Why not just produce our own food, cars, clothing, shelter, and the like? The answer is that we can all have more of every g...
Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 (Spring, 2007)
Econ 101 Lecture 5 How much does specialization matter? (I) Example 5.1. George and Tom are mechanics. Tom can replace 15 clutches per day or 10 sets of brakes; George can replace 10 clutches per day or 15 sets of brakes. At their garage, the number ...
Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 (Spring, 2007)
Econ 101 Lecture 6 Markets and Prices Why does Derek Jeter earn more than Sharon Weaver? Why do diamonds cost more than water? Why do Picasso\'s paintings sell for more than Leroy Nieman\'s? Is it cost of production that determines prices (as Adam Smit...
Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 (Spring, 2007)
Econ 101 Lecture 7 When all relevant production costs are incurred by sellers, and when all relevant product benefits accrue to buyers, the market equilibrium price and quantity are socially optimal. P S P* D Q* Q When Smart for One is Dumb for All...
Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 (Spring, 2007)
Cornell University Department of Economics Frank Economics 101: Introductory Microeconomics Reading List and Course Outline Spring, 2007 Prof. R. H. No matter what career you ultimately choose, you will be more likely to succeed if you understand t...
Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 (Spring, 2007)
Econ 101 Lecture 8 Price Elasticity of Demand A measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded to changes in price. Highly responsive = \"elastic\" Highly unresponsive = \"inelastic\" Price elasticity of demand = The percentage change in the quantity...
Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 (Spring, 2007)
Econ 101 Lecture 9 The Law of Demand: People do less of what they want to do as the cost of doing it rises. The cost of an activity, good, or service involves not just monetary costs, but nonmonetary costs as well. Example 9.1. \"Free\" Hgen-Ds ice cre...
Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 (Spring, 2007)
Econ 101 Lecture 10 Substitution is the most important reason for the law of demand. When the price of something rises, we turn to substitutes. When the price of energy rises, people: form carpools take fewer trips buy 4-cylinder cars take public tra...
Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 (Spring, 2007)
Econ 101 Lecture 11 Example 11.1. How should Leroy divide his time between picking apples and writing pulp fiction? A men\'s magazine will pay Leroy 10 cents per word to write fiction articles. He must decide how to divide his time between writing fic...
Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 (Spring, 2007)
Econ 101 Lecture 12 A Note on the Firm\'s Shut-Down Condition It might seem that a firm that can sell as much output as it wishes at a constant market price would always do best in the short run by producing and selling the output level for which pric...
Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 (Spring, 2007)
Econ 101 Lecture 13 Markets allocate scarce goods and services on the basis of willingness to pay. Similarly, cost-benefit analysis resolves public decisions on the basis of willingness to pay. Is that a good thing to do? Doesn\'t willingness-to-pay ...
Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 (Spring, 2007)
Economics 101 Lecture 14 Calculating Total Economic Surplus Consumer surplus: the difference between the most a buyer would have been willing to pay for a product and the amount it actually costs her. Producer surplus: the difference between what a c...
Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 (Spring, 2007)
Economics 101 Lecture 15 Example 15.1. For the supply and demand curves shown, suppose a tax of $6/lb is levied on sellers. What share of the burden of this tax be borne by buyers? By sellers? Price ($/lb) 18 S 6 0 Quantity 12 18 (millions of lb/mon...
Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 (Spring, 2007)
Economics 101 Lecture The rationing function of price: to distribute scarce goods to those consumers who value them most highly. The allocative function of price: to direct resources away from overcrowded markets and toward markets that are underserv...
Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 (Spring, 2007)
Econ 101 Lecture 17 The Perfectly Competitive Firm Is a Price Taker (Recap) The perfectly competitive firm has no influence over the market price. It can sell as many units as it wishes at that price. Typically, a \"perfectly\" competitive industry is ...
Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 (Spring, 2007)
NCC 502 Lecture 13 Does the fact that perfect competition is socially efficient and monopoly is not mean that we should outlaw monopoly? Suppose the monopoly in question is the result of a patent that prevents all but one firm from manufacturing a hi...
Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 (Spring, 2007)
Econ 101 Lecture 19 Games and Strategic Behavior Thus far, we have viewed economic decision makers as confronting an environment that is essentially passive. But there exist many cases in which relevant costs and benefits depend not only on the behav...
Wisconsin >> SOC WK >> 206 (Spring, 2004)
There has been an ongoing political debate over what to do about the problems with our current Social Security program. Before I explain what some of the problems and proposed solutions are, let me start with a background on Social Security. In 1935,...
Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 (Spring, 2007)
Econ 101 Lecture 20 Resolving Prisoner\'s Dilemmas and Other Commitment Problems In games like the prisoner\'s dilemma, the hockey helmet game, the ultimatum bargaining game, and the satellite office game, players have trouble arriving at the outcomes ...
Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 (Spring, 2007)
1 Econ 101 Lecture 22 The Tragedy of the Commons Example 22.1. A village has five residents, each of whom has accumulated savings of $100. Each villager has two investment opportunities: 1. Buy government bond for $100 that pays 12% interest per year...
Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 (Spring, 2007)
Econ 101 Lecture 21 Externalities Sometimes costs or benefits that result from an activity accrue to people not directly involved in the activity. These are called external costs or external benefits- externalities for short. Example 21.1. Sara is an...
Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 (Spring, 2007)
Econ 101 Lecture 23 Information and Search Example 23.1. Suppose you want a new tennis racquet, but aren\'t sure which brand & model to buy. Dick\'s has a large selection, so you go there and ask a salesperson for advice. After some discussion about yo...
Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 (Spring, 2007)
Econ 101 Lecture 24 Communication Between Potential Adversaries When a toad and his rival vie for the same mate, each faces an important strategic decision. Should he fight for her or set off in search of another? To fight is to risk injury. But to c...
Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 (Spring, 2007)
Econ 101 Lecture 26 Winner-Take-All Markets People\'s incomes differ because of differences in their \"human capital,\" an amalgam of education, training, experience, intelligence, energy, and other personal attributes that affect productivity. These fa...
Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 (Spring, 2007)
Econ 101 Lecture 25 Wage and Salary Determination Example 25.1. Brady\'s Brick Company is one of hundreds of small firms that hire labor to mould bricks out of clay, which are then sold in the world market for ten cents apiece. Brady\'s only costs are ...
Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 (Spring, 2007)
101 Lecture 27 Public Goods Public goods are those goods or services that possess, in varying degrees, the properties of nondiminishability and nonexcludability. Nondiminishability: any one person\'s consumption of a public good has no effect on the a...
Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 (Spring, 2007)
Engle Memorial Lecture May 2, 2000 Robert H. Frank Most of us were taught from an early age not to worry about how our incomes compare with the incomes of others. This sensible advice stems from the observation that since there will always be others ...
Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 (Spring, 2007)
Use the following diagram in questions 1 through 4. Figure 1: Peanut Market Price ($/bag) 24 20 16 12 8 4 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 D Quantity (1000s of bags/day) S 1. Suppose the peanut market is in equilibrium. The government is considering a ban on the produ...
Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 (Spring, 2007)
Cornell University Department of Economics Economics 101 Final Examination Professor R.H. Frank Spring 2005 Multiple Choice. Choose the best answer. (3 points each) On the bubble sheet, fill in the best response for each question 2 QUESTIONS 1-2 ...
Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 (Spring, 2007)
Cornell University Department of Economics Economics 101 Final Examination Professor R.H. Frank Spring 2005 Multiple Choice. Choose the best answer. (3 points each) On the bubble sheet, fill in the best response for each question 2 QUESTIONS 1-2 ...
Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 (Spring, 2007)
Cornell University Department of Economics Your name_ Fall 2007 Prof. R.H. Frank Your signature_ Your TA\'s name_ Economics 101 First Preliminary Examination (Makeup) For each of the 20 multiple-choice questions below, circle the best response IN...
Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 (Spring, 2007)
Cornell University Department of Economics Your name_ Spring 2007 Prof. R.H. Frank Your signature_ Your TA\'s name_ Economics 101 First Preliminary Examination For each of the 20 multiple-choice questions below, circle the best response. 1. At p...
Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 (Spring, 2007)
...
Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 (Spring, 2007)
Economics 101 Sample Final Examination QUESTIONS 1-2 REFER TO THE DIAGRAM BELOW. $ 6 0 4 5 4 0 3 0 2 0 1 5 1 5 2 0 Q a tity un 3 0 4. M C Richard and Charlotte are prospectors for gold. If they search in different locations, they will both be rewa...
Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 (Spring, 2007)
Answers to Problem Set 14 Answers to Review Questions 1. When the wage rate in one occupation goes up relative to the wage rates in others, people enter that occupation, and hence the upward-sloping supply curve. 2. Small differences in human capital...
Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 (Spring, 2007)
Econ 101 Answers for Problem Set 8 Answers to Review Questions 1. Largely because of productivity increases in manufacturing, wage rates have risen steadily over the past decades. Thus the cost of repairing a radio is now higher than the price of a n...
Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 (Spring, 2007)
Econ 101 Answers for Problem Set 3 Answers to Review Questions 1. The equilibrium price of a good is determined by the intersection of its supply and demand curves. We can know everything about a good\'s cost of production (that, is we can know its su...
Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 (Spring, 2007)
Econ 101 Answers for Problem Set 6 Answers to Review Questions 1. The principle of increasing opportunity cost, also known as the low-hanging-fruit principle, says that the least costly options should be exploited first, with more costly options take...
Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 (Spring, 2007)
Econ 101 Answers for Problem Set 7 Answers to Review Questions 1. If a policy is not efficient, then it can, by definition, be altered in a way that benefits at least some people without harming others. Economists favor efficient policies, because su...
Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 (Spring, 2007)
Chapter 26: The Principle of Superposition for Waves 2007 Alan Giambattista The flute and the clarinet are two popular wind instruments that are roughly the same length. In both, the musician blows air in a precisely controlled way into one end of t...
Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 (Spring, 2007)
Physics 214 1/23/07 Notes on Complex Numbers Let a, b, x, y, r, , and be real numbers. Define i as i2 = -1 so, for b = 0, ib is a purely imaginary number and a + ib is a complex number. Any complex number z can be written in 2 ways (cartesian and...
Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 (Spring, 2007)
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Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 (Spring, 2007)
CHAPTER 24: OSCILLATIONS* Near the top of the 241-m tall Hancock Tower in Boston, two steel boxes filled with lead are part of a system designed to reduce the swaying and twisting of the building caused by the wind. The mass of each box is nearly 300...
Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 (Spring, 2007)
Chapter 25: Mechanical Waves 2007 Alan Giambattista On January 17, 1995, a terrible earthquake struck the Hanshin region of Japan, killing over 6400 people and injuring about 40,000 others. Some 200,000 homes and buildings were damaged, causing the ...
Cornell >> ECON >> 1110 (Spring, 2007)
Cornell University Department of Economics Spring 2007 Professor R. H. Frank Your name_ Your signature_ Your TA\'s name_ Your section number and meeting time_ Economics 101 Second Preliminary Examination For each of the 20 multiple-choice questions...
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