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Course: CS 320, Fall 2009School: CSU LA
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320 CS Lecture Tuesday, April 17th, 2007 Student question: How does one compare a Java variable to a Javascript variable in a JSP? Solution: Since we do not have access to Java variables in Javascript, we must generate Javascript in our JSPs and use expression tags to retrieve Java variables. Example: <script language="JavaScript"> <% %> for (int i=0; i <...
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320 CS Lecture Tuesday, April 17th, 2007
Student question: How does one compare a Java variable to a Javascript variable in a JSP? Solution: Since we do not have access to Java variables in Javascript, we must generate Javascript in our JSPs and use expression tags to retrieve Java variables. Example:
<script language="JavaScript"> <% %> for (int i=0; i < name.length(); i++) { if (document.formname.element.value == "<%= name %>") { // do work } }
<%
Maintaining State in Web Applications: When a client visits different pages on a website, each visit is considered a completely separate request. It is often useful, however, to have a way to associate separate requests to different pages with the same client. This process is called maintaining state. Example: A shopping website might want to keep the state (contents) of a user's shopping cart across requests to several different pages without the user ever having to log in. Amazon.com was perhaps the first site to use client state to create a totally integrated user interface. By maintaining state, they could apply all kinds of user-specific information in order to dynamically customize their pages and provide a unique user experience. Clearly, maintaining a client's state can be very useful in developing web applications. So why, then, is HTTP inherently stateless? The reason is that not all web applications need to retain information about users between requests. For example, a website that simply distributes information does not necessarily need to know or remember anything about whoever is accessing that information. Because HTTP is (and should be) a stateless protocol, we have alternative methods for maintaining state over HTTP.
Four methods for maintaining state: I. URL Rewriting (performed client-side) URL rewriting involves generating a URL with parameters. Example:
<a href="submit.html?user=<%= username %>>Link name</a>
This adds a parameter called "user" and an associated value generated by a JSP expression tag directly to the URL used by the client browser. A. Benefits: The biggest benefit to using URL rewriting is that one can bookmark or go directly to a page using a set of parameters. As a simple example, if you were to execute a Google search, the URL on the resulting page includes, among other parameters, your search string. This URL could then be saved and used again to go directly to the result of the search. B. Drawbacks: A user has the ability to change text in the URL. An application relying on the URL being well-formed and valid could be broken by unexpected changes to the URL. Therefore, sensitive/critical information should never be passed along in the URL. userform.html: In class, we used TcpTunnelGui on port 5432 to examine the data being sent. Remove "http://localhost:5432" to access the subsequent page without using TcpTunnelGui.
<html> <head> <title>User Form for Maintaining State</title> </head> <body> <h2>User Form</h2> <form name="userform" method="post" action="http://localhost:5432/urlrewriting.jsp"> <! Create a text input named username> Username <input type="text" name="username" /><br /> <input type="Submit" name="Submit" value="Submit" />
urlrewriting.jsp:
<%@ page language="Java" %> <html> <head> <title>URL Rewriting</title> </head> <body> <! Create a link to the next page and include username parameter in the URL. > <a href="urlrewriting2.jsp?username=<%= request.getParameter("username") %>">Next Page</a>
urlrewriting2.jsp
<%@ page language="Java" %> <html> <head> <title>URL Rewriting 2</title> </head> <body> <! Note that we can get a parameter, but the previous page did not include a form or way to submit. It was just a link that included the username parameter in the URL. On this page, the parameter is retrieved from the URL, which should include "urlrewriting2.jsp?username=nameenteredonlastpage" >
II.
Hidden Form Fields (performed client-side) Using hidden form fields in our HTML, we can pass names and values without using the URL. This is done at the source level rather than in the browser window. Example:
<form name="myform"> <input type="hidden" name="user" value="<%= username %>" /> </form>
This generates a parameter named "user", which would be accessible as a parameter once the form is submitted. The hidden input field would not be displayed on the browser's page, but it could be viewed by examining the web page's source. userform.html In class, we used TcpTunnelGui on port 5432 to examine the data being sent. Remove "http://localhost:5432" to access the subsequent page without using TcpTunnelGui.
<html> <head> <title>User Form for Maintaining State</title> </head> <body> <h2>User Form</h2> <form name="userform" method="post" action=" http://localhost:5432/hiddenformfield.jsp"> This <! is a standard form with text input. Nothing hidden here. > Username <input type="text" name="username" /><br /> <input type="Submit" name="Submit" value="Submit" /> </form>
hiddenformfield.jsp
<%@ page language="Java" %> <html> <head> <title>Hidden Form Field</title> </head> <body> <form name="hiddenform" method="post" action="hiddenformfield2.jsp"> <! Hidden input field, includes a name and a value which is retrieved as a parameter from the previous page. Note that this information is visible if you view the web page source. > <input type="hidden" name="username" value="<%= request.getParameter("username") %>" /> </form> <! Javascript trick that lets us turn a link into a submit action >
hiddenformfield2.jsp
<%@ page language="Java" %> <html> <head> <title>Hidden Form Field 2</title> </head> <body> <! The parameter "username" should be successfully passed. > Username = <%= request.getParameter("username") %> </body>
III.
Cookies (requires a server-side language) Cookies are data written directly onto a client computer. However, this does not mean that the server application can open a file on client computer; instead, the server sends the cookie write request to the client browser, which will then save the cookie locally. Web browser software is supposed to regulate the directories and files in which web servers are allowed to read and write. A website should only be able to read cookies that were created by its own domain. The actual implementation is left up to browser developers. A browser will typically store up to 20 cookies per site, with 300 cookies in total saved on the computer. Each cookie can be no more than 4 kilobytes. Some browsers may allow users to customize these settings. 1. Reading cookies Whenever a user requests a page, all of the cookies for that domain are sent along with that request even if the server doesn't use them. Since a server doesn't call back clients, the request is the only time when a server can access its associated cookies. Java's HttpServletRequest interface includes a getCookies method, which returns an array of cookies (e.g. request.getCookies()). On each of these cookies, we can then use the getName and getValue methods of the Cookie class. B. Writing cookies In Java, on the server-side, we write cookies in the response code. The cookie(s) are sent along in the HTTP header. The browser will see the cookie(s) and save them on the computer. We can use the setName and setValue methods of the Cookie class to set cookie data. We can also use the setMaxAge method to set a maximum age for the cookie, starting from the time when it was created. Once the cookie values have been set, we must use response.addCookie() in order to actually add the cookie to the response. C. Benefits: The primary benefit of using cookies is long-term storage - you might want to save the contents of a shopping cart, for example, in a cookie, as cookies persist for a longer time than sessions (see IV. Sessions below). D. Drawbacks: 1. We can only store strings in a cookie. We cannot store objects unless those objects can be converted to strings. 2. The client machines control cookies via the browser. Furthermore, a user can set a browser to completely disallow cookies. If a website depends heavily on being able to read and write cookies, disallowing cookies could break the site for a user's browser. 3. A user can read, modify, or delete cookies. For obvious reasons, then, critical data should not be stored in a cookie. Some websites use encryption on their cookies to prevent problems that result from cookie editing.
IV.
Sessions (requires a server-side language) When a user visits a site, we can save all kinds of data about the user to a session. When a user comes back later, we can use cookies to restore that user's session. Sessions allow servers to retain information about a client. Because sessions are stored completely on the server, memory consumption is up to the application server. If a server is restarted, sessions will be lost unless they are saved to disk/database, as they are stored in memory. Note: if a user is using the same instance of the browser, then a cookie is not required. A session is specific to a particular instance of a browser. For example, if you open up a website in two browsers on the same computer, they will be identified as two different sessions by the web server. We can use setMaxInactiveInterval() on a session. If this is set to n minutes, the user is considered active as long as the client browser accesses the website within n minutes. A. Benefits: 1. Can store objects. 2. Theoretical infinite memory: memory consumption is up to the application server. 3. Work well for short-term applications, such as logging in for a shopping cart. 4. Can set a time limit by using sessions. For example, Ticketmaster uses the session timeout to make sure that if a user tries to purchase a ticket, the transaction is completed within a certain amount of time.
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1GCGGGCGCAG CGCCGACCTG CTGGTCTGCC ACGACCAGCC GCTGTCGCGG 51 CTGCGCTTCC TCAAGGGCCC GCCGGCGCAC CGGCAGATGG TGCGCAGCGT 101 GCTCGGCGCC TGTGGCATCG CCACCCGCCG CCTGGAAGAG TTCGCGCCGA 151 TGCGCAGTTC CAGCGAGGAA CAGCGCCAGG GCTGGCTGCG TCGCGCCGAA 201 CAGCTCGGCA G
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1GAACGGCAAG AACGACAGCT CCGCGCTGGT GGTGGTGGAC GACAAGACCC 51 TGAAGCTCAA GGCCGTGGTC AAGGACCCGC GGCTGATCAC CCCGACCGGT 101 AAGTTCAACG TCTACAACAC CCAGCACGAC GTGTACTGAG ACCCGCGTGC 151 GGGGCACGCC CCGCACGCTC CCCCCTACGA GGAACCGTGA TGAAACCGTA 201 CGCACTGCTT T
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1GCGCGCGGCC GATGGATACG CCGAGGTATC CGAGCAACAC CGCACCGAGC 51 AGCAGCAGGC CGGCCAGGGC CATCAGCACC TTGCTATTCA TGGGCAGACC 101 CCTGCTATGC GTCCGGACAG GTCGATGAAC GGAAAATCAC CGGCGATCGC 151 CGATGATCGG AAAAGAAAAA CGGGCGTCTC GCTGTCCGTG TCATGGCCAT 201 ACTCCGGGAC T