According 1. to Bandura, reciprocal determinism involves multidirectional influences among: A) mind, body, and behavior. B) thoughts, emotions, and actions. C) behaviors, internal personal factors, and environmental events. D) id, ego, and superego. E) learned helplessness, locus of control, and optimism.
2. A psychotherapist instructs Dane to relax, close his eyes, and state aloud whatever thoughts come to mind no matter how trivial or absurd. The therapist is using a technique known as: A) fixation. B) free association. C) reaction formation. D) hypnosis. E) projection.
3. The social-cognitive perspective is least likely to be criticized for neglecting the importance of: A) environmental influences. B) unconscious motives. C) personality traits. D) genetic influences.
4. An individual who perceives an internal locus of control would most likely show signs of a: A) weak id. B) strong id. C) weak ego. D) strong ego. E) weak superego.
Page 1
5. Sheen is usually animated and talkative when he is with his girlfriend, but he is often quiet and reserved at home. He actively participates in many classroom discussions but frequently seems reluctant to talk with friends at the campus coffee shop. According to Walter Mischel, Sheen's behavior should lead us to question the importance of: A) personality traits. B) unconditional positive regard. C) reciprocal determinism. D) defense mechanisms. E) self-efficacy.
6. A) B) C) D) E)
Dogs strapped into a harness and given repeated and unavoidable shocks developed: a fixation. a reaction formation. learned helplessness. a higher threshold of pain. unrealistic optimism.
7. Gene spends a good deal of time bragging about his numerous sexual exploits. Freud would have suggested that Gene is fixated at the ________ stage. A) oral B) latency C) phallic D) anal
8. According to psychoanalytic theory, the part of the personality that strives for immediate gratification of basic drives is the: A) id. B) ego. C) superego. D) collective unconscious. The concept of "personality" most clearly embodies the notion of: moral integrity. self-consciousness. temporal consistency. self-actualization. gender identity.
9. A) B) C) D) E)
Page 2
10. Parents who disguise hostility toward their children by becoming overly protective of them are very likely using the defense mechanism of: A) projection. B) regression. C) rationalization. D) reaction formation. E) displacement.
11. A) B) C) D)
Martin Seligman's positive psychology differs from the humanistic perspective in that it: denies humankind's capacity for evil. focuses more on a person's interaction with the environment. involves the scientific study of optimal human functioning. has greater application in the educational setting.
12. A) B) C) D) E)
Individualism is to collectivism as ________ is to ________. personal control; learned helplessness displacement; sublimation independence; interdependence responsibility; freedom pleasure principle; reality principle
13. A) B) C) D) E)
Individuals with high self-esteem are more likely than those with low self-esteem to: have a strong ego. experience an external locus of control. dismiss flattering descriptions of themselves untrue. as underestimate the accuracy of their own beliefs. associate with people whose attitudes and personality are very similar to their own.
14. A) B) C) D) E)
The humanistic perspective has been criticized for promoting an excessive degree of: sexism. spiritualism. nationalism. individualism. personality testing.
Page 3
15. A) B) C) D) E)
Self-esteem is negatively correlated with: personal control. self-serving bias. depression. individualism. extraversion.
16. Sexually active undergraduate women perceive themselves as much less likely to experience an unwanted pregnancy than other women at their university. This best illustrates: A) an Electra complex. B) low self-esteem. C) displacement. D) the spotlight effect. E) unrealistic optimism.
17. Hasina was an abused child; as an adult, she is homeless and squanders any money she can find on alcohol. Alfred Adler would have suggested that Hasina suffers from: A) an Electra complex. B) role confusion. C) an oral fixation. D) feelings of inferiority. E) the Barnum effect. 18. Frida was informed by a professional palm reader: "You generally communicate openly with others, but you have certain dark secrets that even your closest friends could never guess." The fact that Frida was impressed by the palm reader's insight into her personality best illustrates: A) unconditional positive regard. B) the Barnum effect. C) the Electra complex. D) reciprocal determinism. E) attributional style.
19. A) B) C) D)
Contemporary psychodynamic theorists are most likely to emphasize the importance of: sexual instincts. free association. motivational conflict. the collective unconscious.
Page 4
20. According to terror-management theory, anxiety about our own mortality motivates our pursuit of: A) self-esteem. B) parallel processing. C) reciprocal determinism. D) the collective unconscious. E) an external locus of control.
21. Laura fails to recognize any connection between her unsafe sexual practices and the likelihood of contracting a sexually transmitted disease. Laura's lack of perceptiveness best illustrates the dangers of: A) free association. B) an Electra complex. C) the spotlight effect. D) an external locus of control. E) unconditional positive regard.
22. Freud referred to a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage as: A) reaction formation. B) projection. C) fixation. D) displacement. E) repression.
23. A) B) C) D)
Self-actualized people, as described by Maslow, are least likely to be highly: compassionate. religious. conforming. self-accepting.
24. A) B) C) D)
Morning types are to evening types as ________ is to ________. conscientiousness; extraversion agreeableness; openness extraversion; conscientiousness openness; agreeableness
Page 5
25. A) B) C) D) E)
Santa Claus is to Superman as ________ is to ________. endomorph; mesomorph pleasure principle; reality principle anal fixation; oral fixation internal locus of control; external locus of control regression; projection
Page 6
Answer Key
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.
C B A D A C C A C D C C A D C E D B C A D C C A A
Page 7