of Principles Information Systems, Ninth Edition
Chapter 4 Software: Systems and Application Software
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Why Learn About Software?
Software is indispensable for any computer system and the people using it Systems software
Input data from a keyboard, make calculations, print results, etc.
Applications software
Key to helping you achieve your career goals and enrich your life Stock trading, scientific, accounting, tax, gaming, etc.
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An Overview of Software
Computer programs
Sequences of instructions for the computer
Documentation
Describes program functions
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Systems Software
Set of programs that coordinates the activities and functions of hardware and programs Computer system platform
Combination of a hardware configuration and systems software
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Application Software
Helps users solve particular problems In most cases, resides on the computer's hard disk Can be stored on CDs, DVDs, and flash or keychain storage devices
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Supporting Individual, Group, and Organizational Goals
Sphere of influence
Scope of problems and opportunities addressed by a particular organization
Personal sphere of influence
Serve the needs of an individual user
Personal productivity software
Help users improve their personal effectiveness
Workgroup
When two or more people work together to achieve a common goal
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Supporting Individual, Group, and Organizational Goals (continued)
Workgroup sphere of influence
Helps workgroup attain its common goals
Enterprise sphere of influence
Support the firm in its interaction with its environment
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Supporting Individual, Group, and Organizational Goals (continued)
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Systems Software
Systems software
Controls operations of computer hardware Supports application programs' problem-solving capabilities
Types of systems software
Operating systems Utility programs Middleware
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Operating Systems
Set of programs that controls computer hardware and acts as an interface with application programs Kernel
Ties all components of the OS together and regulates other programs
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Operating Systems (continued)
Combinations of OSs, computers, and users
Single computer with a single user Single computer with multiple users Multiple computers Special-purpose computers
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Operating Systems (continued)
Activities performed by the operating system
Perform common computer hardware functions Provide a user interface and input/output management Provide a degree of hardware independence Manage system memory
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Operating Systems (continued)
Activities performed by the operating system
Manage processing tasks Provide networking capability Control access to system resources Manage files
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Operating Systems (continued)
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Operating Systems (continued)
Common hardware functions
Get input from keyboard or some other input device Retrieve data from disks Store data on disks Display information on a monitor or printer
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Operating Systems (continued)
User interface and input/output management
User interface
Allows individuals to access and command the computer system
Command-based user interface
Requires that text commands be given to the computer to perform basic activities
Graphical user interface (GUI)
Uses icons and menus displayed on screen to send commands to the computer system
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Operating Systems (continued)
Hardware independence
Application program interface (API)
Allows applications to make use of the operating system
Memory management
Allows computer to execute program instructions effectively and to speed processing
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Operating Systems (continued)
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Operating Systems (continued)
Processing tasks
Multitasking
More than one program can run at the same time
Time-sharing
Allows more than one person to use a computer system at the same time
Scalability
Ability of the computer to handle an increasing number of concurrent users smoothly
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Operating Systems (continued)
Networking capability
Allows computers in a network to send and receive data and share computing resources
Access to system resources and security
Protection against unauthorized access Logins and passwords
File management
Ensures that files in secondary storage are available when needed and that they are protected from access by unauthorized users
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Current Operating Systems
Microsoft PC operating systems Apple Computer Operating Systems Linux
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Current Operating Systems (continued)
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Workgroup Operating Systems
Windows Server UNIX NetWare Red Hat Linux Mac OS X Server
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Enterprise Operating Systems
z/OS
IBM's first 64-bit enterprise OS
HP-UX and Linux
HP-UX: robust UNIX-based OS from HewlettPackard
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Operating Systems for Small Computers, Embedded Computers, and Special-Purpose Devices
Palm OS Windows Embedded Windows Mobile
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Utility Programs
Hardware utilities Security Utilities File-compression utilities Spam and pop-up blocker utilities
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Utility Programs (continued)
Network and Internet utilities Server and mainframe utilities Other utilities
Manages and protects corporate documents Helps people with visual disabilities use the Internet Monitors employees Searches for files and documents
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Utility Programs (continued)
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Middleware
Software that allows different systems to communicate and exchange data Can also be used as an interface between the Internet and older legacy systems Service-oriented architecture (SOA)
Uses modular application services to allow users to interact with systems, and systems to interact with each other
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Application Software
Application programs
Interact with systems software Help you perform common tasks, such as:
Creating and formatting text documents Performing calculations Managing information
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Overview of Application Software
Proprietary software
One-of-a-kind program for a specific application, usually developed and owned by a single company
Off-the-shelf software
Existing software program that is purchased
Application service provider (ASP)
Company that can provide software, support, and computer hardware on which to run the software from the user's facilities over a network
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Overview of Application Software (continued)
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Personal Application Software
Word processing Spreadsheet analysis Database applications Graphics program Personal information managers Software suites and integrated software packages Other personal application software
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Workgroup Application Software
Support teamwork, whether people are in the same location or dispersed around the world Groupware
Software that helps groups of people work together more efficiently and effectively
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Enterprise Application Software
Software that benefits an entire organization Enterprise resource planning (ERP) software
Set of integrated programs that manage a company's vital business operations for an entire multisite, global organization
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Application Software for Information, Decision Support, and Specialized Purposes
Available in every industry
Specialized application software for information, decision support, and other purposes
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Programming Languages
Sets of keywords, symbols, and a system of rules for constructing statements
By which humans can communicate instructions to be executed by a computer
Program code
Set of instructions that signal the CPU to perform circuit-switching operations
Syntax
Set of rules associated with a programming language
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The Evolution of Programming Languages
Visual, object-oriented, and artificial intelligence languages
Easier for nonprogrammers to use than older generation languages
Visual languages
Use a graphical or visual interface for program development
Compiler
Software program that converts programmer'...