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- Title: Study Guide History 105 Test 2
- Type: Notes
- School: Texas A&M
- Course: HIST 105
- Term: Spring
Guide Study History 105 Test 2 Enlightenment An Intellectual movement stressing the importance of reason and the existence of discoverable natural laws. Jonathan Edwards a puritan minister whose primary focus was the younger less wealthy generation who had difficulties competing with more wealthy land owners in church. George Whitfield He was an evangelical Angelican minister from England, who in 1738, made the first several tours of the colonies. By all account his preaching had a powerful affect. Start of the French and Indian War The French and Indian War The Great War for Empire. This war started in the colonies in 1754 and moved out. This had the potential to escalate into a world war. George Washington was ultimately responsible to starting the French and Indian War. He got involved in a skirmish with the French. "A shot fired by a Virginian lit the world on fire" Proclamation of 1763 A royal proclamation issued by the king that all land west of the Appalachians was deemed Indian country and needed the approval of purchase by the king himself. Saratoga Fort Ticonderoga fell to Burgoyne, on July 6, but by August the general found himself bogged down and harassed by Patriot militias in the rough country south of Lake George. After several defeats by Americans, he retreated to Saratoga and eventually surrendered his army of over 6000 men. It was the biggest British defeat besides Yorktown. It was then the Europeans realized that America had a chance of winning the revolution. Queen Anne's War Great Britain fights France and Spain in the Caribbean and on the northern frontier of New France. Also known as War of the Spanish Succession. The French and their allies, the Algonquian Indians drug women men and children into Canada. King William's War France and England battle on the northern Frontiers of New England and New York Intolerable Acts Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts) Aimed at punishing Boston Port of Boston Act Boston could not trade until the tea was paid for Massachusetts Government Act Thomas Gage was put in charge of the British military to control Boston Boston could not meet for meetings. Act for the Impartial Administration of Justice Quartering Act (all the colonies) British is readying to go to war if necessary. 1. 2. 3. 4. All of these Acts have the opposite effect to the colonies Britain wanted. The colonies instead saw what was happening to Massachusetts and decided to help resist Pontiac's Rebellion First Continental Congress First Continental Congress Drawing by Ben Franklin September 17, 1774 Join or Die Edward Braddock The English commander Edward Braddock was a very accomplished general in Europe. He had no battle experience in the colonies and sucked at his job. He did not know how to handle the terrain, the Indians or any aspect to gain control. Braddock chose to ignore the Indians asking him openly why they should fight for England. Quebec Montcalm pulls back to Quebec. This is the ideal defensive. High cliffs are hard to take over. The English lay siege on Quebec and destroy a lot of the fort. Cannon and rifle fire damage the fort but to not take over it. Wolfe is constantly thinking of how he can take over Quebec. Wolfe surrounds Quebec with thousands of soldiers. Battle at Quebec 1759 fought in Abraham's field which was very wide and open. The French are backed against a river. Montcalm is appalled to how he was surrounded. Both Montcalm and Wolfe were killed in the war for Quebec, victory going to England. England's superiority in manufacturing over the French During the 26 year rave, England sends fur traders to the Americas, England makes connections with Natives. They took a step further than France did, they were great in Manufacturing. They could then offer more, better trade goods than France did. They took advantage of what France didn't. Fort Necessity England starts to settle much later than France. The governor of Georgia sends a militia with Commander George Washington whom has no military experience up north to establish an English presence. Washington builds a fort at the head waters not far from Fort Duquesne and named it Fort Necessity. Jeffery Amherst His first official action was to stop giving the Indians "gifts" which was uncustomary. The Indians grew furious after they did not receive gun powder for hunting. Without this many were left staring because they could not hunt. Benjamin Franklin Virginia Resolutions Virginia Resolutions It was in Virginia the Stamp Act was stated unconstitutional Only Virginia House of Burgesses has the power to tax Virginians Virginians believed that England had no right to tax the colonies o England however stated they ran an Empire Parliament and could tax any part of the British Empire they pleased. Patrick Henry introduced a 7 part document over the debate at May 29th 1765. o Only the Virginia House of Burgesses has the right to tax Virginia. o The Stamp Act is No in Void and need not be abade. July 2, 1776 The date that john Adams said would be celebrated for the rest of years to come. The date that the Declaration of Independence was voted on and approved. Paul Revere a very active citizen in Boston. Apart of the Whigs and a political figure among the community. Famous for his midnight ride through concord and Lexington. The Tea Act Act of parliament that permitted the east India trading company to sell through agents in America without paying the duty customarily collected in Britain thus reducing the retail price Committees of Correspondence Committees formed in Massachusetts and other colonies in the prerevolutionary period to keep Americans informed about British measures that would affect the colonies Quartering Act legalized the housing of British troops in private homes. Stamp Act required the purchase of specially embossed paper for newspapers legal documents licenses insurance policies ships papers and playing cards struck at printers lawyers tavern owners and other influential colonists. John Dickenson British strategy at beginnings of American Revolution The Sun King John Locke Stamp Act Congress October 1765 meeting of delegates sent by nine colonies held in New York City that adopted the declaration of rights and grievances and petitioned against the stamp act Declaratory Act Law passed in 1776 to accompany repeal of the stamp act that stated the parliament had the authority to legislate for the colonies "in all cases whatsoever" Growing American Nationalism after the seven years war, many colonists were happy to be British citizens but many also noticed all the contrasts between them and the citizens in the mother country. The British army shocked the American colonists by their shrew violence. Financial situation in Britain after French and Indian war French and Indian War had a dramatic impact on the colonies and Mother Country. The colonists realize England will be in debt and financial trouble. This brings on heavy taxes. The people begin to complain so the government moves the taxes onto the colonies. The colonies are pissed. Great Awakening North American religious revival in the middle of the eighteenth century; tremendous religious revival in colonial America striking the first in the middle colonies and new England in the 1740's and then spreading to the southern colonies. Iroquois and Huron role in French and Indian War Declaration of Independence King George's War The third Anglo-French war in North America (1744-1748), part of the European conflict known as the war of the Austrian succession. William Pitt becomes the new Prime Minister of England. He begins to make some changes in the military and starts to appoint new and younger commanders. They were less experienced but they adapted well to their new environment, they are more versatile to new strategies. England begins to take back their old forts they lost earlier. Sons of Liberty Secret organization in the colonies formed to oppose the stamp act. Used violence Looted Led by Samuel Adams Stamp tax collectors resigned The Boston Tea Party Incident that occurred on December 16, 1773, in which Bostonians disguised as Indians destroyed 9000 Euros worth of tea belonging to the British East India Company in order to prevent payment of the duty on it. James Wolfe & Louis Montcalm James Wolfe is one of the new young commanders. He launched an effort to seize the fort. Montcalm pulls back to Quebec. This is the ideal defensive. High cliffs are hard to take over. The English lay siege on Quebec and destroy a lot of the fort. Cannon and rifle fire damage the fort but to not take over it. Wolfe is constantly thinking of how he can take over Quebec. Wolfe surrounds Quebec with thousands of soldiers. Battle at Quebec 1759 fought in Abraham's field which was very wide and open. The French are backed against a river. Montcalm is appalled to how he was surrounded. Montcalm Both and Wolfe were killed in the war for Quebec, victory going to England. Fort Duquesne Fort Duquesne o At one point over 1000 soldiers at this fort o Not a heavily settled area in the back woods o The French way of establishing rights to this river Water transportation is the best way to travel...! Roads sucked and trains didn't exist. Water was the fastest and cheapest mean for transportation. England starts to settle much later than France. The governor of Georgia sends a militia with Commander George Washington whom has no military experience up north to establish an English presence. Washington builds a fort at the head waters not far from Fort Duquesne and named it Fort Necessity. The first major effort was to capture Fort Duquesne. It failed, Braddock died. Washington was at the battle and was wounded. He recovered. The English pretty much blow at this point. The French commander was very different from Braddock. Louis Montcalm was everything Braddock was not. He was one of the reasons France was rocking it. He was very popular and led to many victories against the English. By 1756, it seems that France will win the continent. After 1756, things started turning in the English's favor. James Otis "The rights of the British Colonies asserted and proved (1763) A passionate and radical member of the opposition to the Royal authority, James Otis made his name arguing against the British writs of assistance. He lost the case but his assertion of the natural rights of the colonists made him a prominent member of the opposition. He became the head of the Massachusetts committee of correspondence and a member of the Stamp Act Congress. Patrick Henry Speaks against ratification of the constitution (1788) the noted Virginia delegate to the constitutional convention, opposed a federal form of government in the united stated. Virginia Resolutions It was in Virginia the Stamp Act was stated unconstitutional Only Virginia House of Burgesses has the power to tax Virginians Virginians believed that England had no right to tax the colonies o England however stated they ran an Empire Parliament and could tax any part of the British Empire they pleased. Patrick Henry introduced a 7 part document over the debate at May 29th 1765. o Only the Virginia House of Burgesses has the right to tax Virginia. o The Stamp Act is No in Void and need not be abade. "Common Sense" In January 1776 Thomas Paine a Philadelphia journalist and essayist published a pamphlet entitled "Common Sense". While other political tracts advocated protest against Parliament, Paine's political pamphlet placed the blame for colonial suffering directly on George III. Moreover, Paine urged his readers to abandon over 150,000 copies in circulation within the first three months of its publication and was no doubt an influence upon Thomas Jefferson when he drafted the Declaration of Independence. Thomas Paine and Common Sense In order for Congress to declare Independence, the people must be behind the matter. Common Sense was written January 9th, 1776. It was first come out in Philadelphia. He rejects the divine right of kings. Kings can be wrong and can make mistakes. He stated that King George III was bullying the colony and very wrong about the colonists. He also stated that America would be more prosperous without King George III. The heavy mercantilism was holding the colonists back. There were about 150,000 copies sold instantly and was read aloud in bigger cities. The pamphlet was passed on to more than just the people who read the book. The debate for independence begins after Common Sense was written. April 20th, 1776 the Virginia House of Burgesses decided to tear all ties with Britain. July 4th, 1776 The day the declaration of Independence was signed. One of the most important documents in the U.S. behind the constitution. Concord/Lexington Lexington/Concord (April 19, 1775) British planned to take the supplies at Concord o Gun powder The Patriots get wind of this and mobilize a militia British - 74 killed, more wounded and 23 missing 93 colonists killed, wounded or missing The British and anyone else in the world had no doubt in their minds that the British would win the war King George III Common Sense was written January 9th, 1776. It was first come out in Philadelphia. He rejects the divine right of kings. Kings can be wrong and can make mistakes. He stated that King George III was bullying the colony and very wrong about the colonists. He also stated that America would be more prosperous without King George III. The heavy mercantilism was holding the colonists back. There were about 150,000 copies sold instantly and was read aloud in bigger cities. The pamphlet was passed on to more than just the people who read the book. King George III was responsible for all of the colonies grievances. This was a document that was written to be read out loud. It was impressive as a list of grievances. The Townshend Acts Townshend Acts (June 29, 1767) Acts of parliament, passed in 1767 imposing duties on colonial tea lead paint paper and glass. Charles Townshend Proposes a series of import taxes on common items "External" taxes acceptable? o Lead o Glass o Paper o Tea Tax money to go toward paying salaries of royal governors and judges and for military costs o Undermines the authority of popular assemblies. Boston Massacre after months of increasing friction between townspeople and the British troops stationed in the city, on March 5, 1770, British troops fired on American civilians in Boston. Sugar Act law passed in 1764 to raise revenue in the American colonies. It lowered the duty from 6 pence to 3 pence per gallon on foreign molasses imported into the colonies and increased the restrictions on colonial commerce. Bunker Hill Battle of Bunker Hill (Breed's Hill) This battle was fought outside of Boston. Reed's Hill was the where the most action was. The day before this battle, the Americans fortified the higher ground in front of Boston. Both sides are ready to fight. "Do not fire until you can see the white in their eyes" they waited until the British were within 15-20 paces of the Americans and opened fire. They did this twice and were extremely effective. Molasses Act Second Continental Congress Second Continental Congress Meets starting May 10, 1775 in Philadelphia Has no legal authority, no resources and no choice The congress assumes the role of a revolutionary government George Washington named Commander in Chief of the Continental Army The colonies are still separate and are just a resistance so far They needed an army to represent everyone across all of the colonies Paper Money, opened negotiations with other countries like France and the Netherlands Washington was a great choice for commander, pressure is off of Massachusetts. He keeps the south and north colonies united. A great leader but not a great soldier. He had personality for leadership. July 2, 1776 The date the second continental Congress votes for Independence. 12 of 13 colonies vote for independence, New York did not vote. New York will be a British strong point throughout the Revolution. The American Crisis Richard Henry Lee June 7th, 1776 Richard Henry Lee decided there must be a Declaration Committee? They were R. R. Livingston, Roger Sherman, Thomas Jefferson, John Hancock and Benjamin Franklin. The primary author was Thomas Jefferson. Thomas Jefferson decided to write the Declaration rather than John Adams. Part of the Virginia committee. Thomas Jefferson most famous for the Declaration of Independence, a part of the Virginia Committee. June 7th, 1776 Richard Henry Lee decided there must be a Declaration Committee? They were R. R. Livingston, Roger Sherman, Thomas Jefferson, John Hancock and Benjamin Franklin. The primary author was Thomas Jefferson. Thomas Jefferson decided to write the Declaration rather than John Adams. Thomas Jefferson and James Wilson o Argue the colonies are not subject to parliament but to the king and Americans have the right to govern themselves o Parliament cannot pass the intolerable acts and they need not obey He was originally a plantation owner and a lawyer from Virginia. Had a very gifted and analytical mind among his peers Factors favoring Britain/Colonies in Revolution Disadvantages of Britain/Colonies in Revolution British into NY Harbor Yorktown Treaty of Paris Articles of Confederation Shay's Rebellion George Washington Abigail Adams John Adams Declaration Committee Trenton/Princeton Valley Forge Benedict Arnold Annapolis Convention Constitutional Convention Imperial Parliament FROM `PAUL REVERE'S RIDE: Major purpose of Fischer's book Paul Revere Thomas Gage Dr. Benjamin Church Margaret Gage Dr. Samuel Prescott William Dawes Role of a militia in battle Powder Alarm Portsmouth Alarm John Hancock & Samuel Adams Dr. Joseph Warren -
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