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- Title: History 105
- Type: Notes
- School: Texas A&M
- Course: HIST 105
- Term: Spring
105-501 History History of the U.S. Chapter 1+2 October 12, 1492 Columbus sails to America! The Columbian Exchange occurs. Exchange of culture, plant life and animals Vikings were actually the first to discover Americas, and the first to have it on record. To Columbus's deathbed he believed he had only landed on the outlying islands of India. Throvald Eriksson and a group of Norseman landed on the Americas around Canada and New Found land. Records were lost from the Vikings since they did not have a lasting impact on the Americas. The failed due to hostel natives. Columbus technically did not discover America due to the Vikings and the Native Americans. Native Americans crossed the Behring Strait. 11,000 to 16,000 years ago by a land bridge connecting Asia and North America. It was a piece of Land about 1,000 miles wide called Berengia. It was for a short time that the ocean level dropped to reveal this bridge. After the Native Americans crossed Berengia, they moved south to the continental US and to Mexico, Central America then South America. After a period of time, the land bridge closes. When the Europeans arrived, they misunderstood the Native American settlements and people. They don't see their farming techniques or settlements. In New England, they hunted and gathered. Three main grown crops were grown in the south. Corn Beans and Squash- the three sisters were usually grown in one field together. The corn grew in stalks, the beans grew up the stalk and the squash or pumpkins covered the ground. Europeans saw this as messy and thought it was unsophisticated. The Hohokam Indians Sophisticated people living in the southwest around 300 B.C. They flourished well in the Desert parts of Arizona. They had extensive irrigation canals which would bring water up to hundreds of miles. Cahokia An Indian city located close to the present day St. Louis. It was once a city of about 20,000 people. A settlement that rose and fell long before Columbus came. It fell around the year 13,000. The people at Cahokia were mound builders. Cahokia was mainly a trading center for the Continental North America. The Europeans had no idea that it ever had existed. October 12, 1492 Columbus Lands A controversial issue due to it having such a great impact on the Native Americans. Reason of travel, there was a growth of learning in Europe due to the printing press! Due to the boom of knowledge, there was an urge to explore what they did not know. 12th century, the magnetic compass was invented. Astrolabe and Cross-staff were two inventions that found stars and lines of latitude and possible for exploration over large plains. The lateen sail was invented and proved to be more efficient. The new ship designs were more stream-lined and narrower making them faster and easier to maneuver. Europe is extending their trade with Asia for silks, medicines, perfume, spices, and precious stones. Land travel across Asia was dangerous and costly so they decided to find a way by water. \ Jan 30th, 2008 Massacre of 1622 killed 350 citizens at Jamestown 1623 the English retaliated, this has an effect on the whole world. Plymouth colony was up and running. In Virginia, it scares the settlers. In Plymouth colony to that point had no problem with the natives, it scares the Plymouths and they fear it will happen to them. The local Indians have nothing to do with the southern tribes in Virginia. 1624 Royal Charter Revoked. The colony is still losing money, despite the colony shipping tobacco and other crops, the colonies are not producing. The colonists are getting irritated about the whole monopoly of the Virginia Company. They did not care for the monopoly and for everything going to England. King James I revokes the royal charter and Virginia is no longer a colony, it is now a royal colony tied with the king only and not the merchants. 1625 King of England dies. King James I dies, his son Charles takes the throne. He has a different attitude towards the colonies; he is not interested at all. They continue to exist but King Charles decided not to deal with them. The colonies are left to develop on their own. Salutary Neglect Benign Neglect Neglect that is not harmful. Unofficial to the King. This continues for the next hundred years, they continue to develop politically on their own. They have the right to tax their own people and allowed to be a fully functioning government. Labor in Virginia Indentured Servants. Tobacco the big cash crop in the colonies, it influences social and political life. It affects the labor system as well. Tobacco is hard on the soil. The colonists did not know about crop rotation or fertilization. Gradually the colonists let their fields grow fallow. Land and labor intensive crop, people are needed to do this, but there is never enough. Perfect situation for slavery to develop... slavery = [labor shortage and lots of land] before slave labor, the people of Virginia relied on indentured servants (people who could not pay their way to America, unskilled workers and farmers. Average indentured servant contract was about 5 years. 7 of the 29 colonial legislature were former indentured servants. January 18, 2008 History 105 Hohokam - located in the American southwest Cahokia - Located near St. Louis Missouri A printing press was invented and there was a newfound want for learning and exploration. Trade with Asia is becoming large with Europeans - spices, precious stones, and silks. There was an allwater route to Asia from Europe. Finding a water-route would be cheaper, faster, easier and safer. Merchant Class. Smaller less powerful countries are coming together to make larger countries more powerful, France Spain and Portugal for example. All of these are under powerful Monarchs. With the power and new wealth, they can afford to take voyages and explore. Portugal starts to explore, mainly on the continent of Africa searching for an all water route. They wanted to sail through Africa rather than through it. Several Portuguese map the coast of Africa. He mapped all the way down to the Cape of Good Hope. 10 years later he sailed all the way around Africa and up the coast to India. The Europeans were still looking for a quicker all-water route. Columbus is an Italian representing Spain. Columbus decides to sail west to get east. It is a risky scary voyage. West is nothing but the Atlantic Ocean. Columbus underestimated the size of the Atlantic. He needed to sell his idea and voyage to the Monarchs. He has to try to get sponsorships. He finally goes to see the King and Queen of Spain, Ferdinand and Isabella, to help pay for his trip. They funded the Santa Maria. He had to go find the funding for the other two ships. He goes to Palos, Spain and gets funded also with the Pinta and the Nina. Columbus was very egotistical. He demanded 10% of any riches he found but would give the rest to Spain. August 9th 1492. He carries with him a letter of introduction to the Kahn of China. Toward the end of the voyage, it began to get rough. The wind ceased. Even the Second in Command, Martin Pinzon started to criticize Columbus. He encouraged the crew's anger and almost had the crew start a mutiny. Within 1 day of returning home, A lookout spotted land off the Caribbean. He named it San Salvador. He saw the native people of the island and named them Indians. He continues to sail the islands to Cuba and finds Gold and Jewelry. Around Christmas, he decides to leave for the mainland. He leaves behind 40 of his men, with him he take 12 native Americans as gifts. He believed he had found the East Indies. News spreads across Europe and Countries begin to plan for a voyage of their own. In 1493 he leaves with 1200 men and 17 ships. While he was gone, the 40 men he left behind caused trouble. They were to treat the Indians with affection and respectably. The men raped the native women, robbed some of the villages and committed "1000 wrongs against the natives". Columbus returns to find his men had run a bad system and did not have a very good welcome. Columbus was disturbed in his later years, he was upset that he might not have discovered East Asia. He said he did not get his 10% of his riches. Ferdinand and Isabella realized that this was an amazing new discovery. They went back on their words and ignored Columbus. They decided that there was too much to give to anyone. January 23rd, 2008 Early Exploration and attempts at settlement North America Amerigo Vespucci knew Columbus and helped him on his first voyages. New geologist wanted to map the newly found world. Impact of `New World' discoveries on Europe Spain Balboa Magellan o Resources/Technology o Disease The Americas have a tremendous impact on Europe. The Europeans are slightly disappointed because there is a large land mass in front of their way to Asia. Columbus had opened an almost limitless supply of natural resources. Intellectual changes occur as well with new animals and plants discovered. The Iguana, flying squirrel, Rattlesnake, Cougar and the bison are found. New food bearing plants are found. Potatoes are discovered. Tomatoes are also discovered in the Americas as well. The European diet is widened tremendously. The native people are then discovered. Were they from the Garden of Eden? Were they the holy people of the Israelites? Were they the lost people of advanced knowledge and culture? October 12, 1492! Germs and disease are discovered as well. Europe then decides to colonize the New World. Going and Exploring is the plan. Colonization will require a lot of work in taking people to a new home. The Spanish have an edge due to Columbus exploration. They are the European power at the time. Balboa in 1513 sailed for Spain. He was the first to see the Pacific Ocean crossing the Panama Canal on foot. Ferdinand Magellan is the next to Explore South America and the first to sail the southern tips of South America. First person to completely sail around the world, his voyage lasted till 1522. He died in the Philippines but his crew made it. The Spanish based their exploration in Central and South America. There was a huge clash in resources and technology. The Indians used canoes; they fought with spears and bows. However, the Europeans had Ocean bound ships, armor and guns Horses for the Spanish were a huge advantage against the Indians. The Europeans had pig and cattle which were a source of food and clothing. The Indians had domesticated the dog for battle as well. Disease is the worst thing to happen from the Europeans. These are diseases the Indians have no immunity for. Disease kills millions more Indians than war did. The same were for the Europeans as well. The Indians passed diseases like hepatitis, polio, syphilis and some forms of tuberculosis. The diseases the Europeans took back were not so easily passed. The Spanish start to colonize. Early Exploration of America Spain focuses on central and south America Vasco Nunez de balboa (1513) Spain in North America Juan Ponce de Leon (1513) o First European to be known to explore Florida. Panflio de Narvaez (1528) o Lands in Tampa Bay then march north. He reaches present day Alabama. He then heads back south builds some crude ships to sail across the Gulf of Mexico. He then spent the next 8 years in Texas lost wandering around lost. He forms a fairly decent relationship with some Indians but find their way to where the Spanish have settled. Hernando de Soto (1539) o Makes it to the Mississippi river then dies in present day Missouri. He started with 600 men and 311 made it back to Mexico. Francisco Vasquez de Coronado (1540) o He starts in Old Mexico and marches north to the American southwest. He makes it through parts of New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma and central Kansas. He heard stories of cities of gold in the middle of America. o A consequence of Coronado's exploration proved North America to be useless. Spain made the decision to not colonize North America at all. The southern parts like St. Augustine were as far north as they would go. These were to protect the southern colonies. Mexico was the farthest north they would go. France Giovanni de Verrazano (1524) o Italian sailing for France searching for the water route to Asia. o Goes on a second voyage in 1538 searching for a water route. Jacques Cartier (1542) o Explores the Gulf of St. Lawrence and makes it inland to Quebec. He made three explorations and attempted to make colonization but it fails within a year. France loses interest North in America. England John Cabot (1497) o His exploration was not very significant but he claimed North America for England. Sir Humphrey Gilbert (1583) Sir Walter Raleigh (1587 o Roanoke island o Gov. john white Jan 30th, 2008 Massacre of 1622 killed 350 citizens at Jamestown 1623 the English retaliated, this has an effect on the whole world. Plymouth colony was up and running. In Virginia, it scares the settlers. In Plymouth colony to that point had no problem with the natives, it scares the Plymouths and they fear it will happen to them. The local Indians have nothing to do with the southern tribes in Virginia. 1624 Royal Charter Revoked. The colony is still losing money, despite the colony shipping tobacco and other crops, the colonies are not producing. The colonists are getting irritated about the whole monopoly of the Virginia Company. They did not care for the monopoly and for everything going to England. King James I revokes the royal charter and Virginia is no longer a colony, it is now a royal colony tied with the king only and not the merchants. 1625 King of England dies. King James I dies, his son Charles takes the throne. He has a different attitude towards the colonies; he is not interested at all. They continue to exist but King Charles decided not to deal with them. The colonies are left to develop on their own. Salutary Neglect Benign Neglect Neglect that is not harmful. Unofficial to the King. This continues for the next hundred years, they continue to develop politically on their own. They have the right to tax their own people and allowed to be a fully functioning government. Labor in Virginia Indentured Servants. Tobacco the big cash crop in the colonies, it influences social and political life. It affects the labor system as well. Tobacco is hard on the soil. The colonists did not know about crop rotation or fertilization. Gradually the colonists let their fields grow fallow. Land and labor intensive crop, people are needed to do this, but there is never enough. Perfect situation for slavery to develop... slavery = [labor shortage and lots of land] before slave labor, the people of Virginia relied on indentured servants (people who could not pay their way to America, unskilled workers and farmers. Average indentured servant contract was about 5 years. 7 of the 29 colonial legislature were former indentured servants. 1. Martha Ballard midwife and diarist As a midwife, she was also a doctor of the community. She cooked and kept the household. At one point was nursing a child as well. She was present of over 1000 births. 2. Laurel Thatcher Ulrich modern historian 3. Responsibilities of a midwife She was a crude doctor, a gardener, a sewer and took care of the family. 4. Privacy, how different than today? Everyone was very close to each other, Most slept in the same bed and no one had their own room. February 11, 2008 Massachusetts Bay Colony Arbella o Massachusetts General Court o House of assistants o House of deputies Harvard College est. 1636 o Founded 6 years after the colony had been established. It was originally founded to teach ministers of the colony. Puritan government have more of an impact than most colonies started. o Massachusetts was founded with 17 ships in the beginning. o The major body of government was founded not long after the colony Massachusetts General Court The magistrates (judges), the governor, the unicameral legislature o Assistants elected by church members. By 1644, the assistants decided to open up the Massachusetts general court to a broader area. o The Massachusetts is now a two house legislatures. House of assistants (elected by church members) upper house House of deputies (two men elected from each town) Do not cross the Massachusetts Bay Church Roger Williams Founded Rhode Island colony after banishment from Massachusetts Bay in 1635. o Puritans do not believe in other religions. o Questions the power of the church in the colony. He was a puritan minister in Salem Massachusetts* o He decided the spiritual matters and church should not be intertwined and being unjust to those who do not believe in the church. (There should be a separation between church and state) Spoke against seizing Indian's land without proper pay. o He was henceforth banished. Founded Providence, Rhode Island then two more settlements after. Providence was a safe haven for those who were kicked out by the Puritan church. Small but successful colony Ann Hutchinson Tried in 1637, Banished from Massachusetts Bay o Mid-wife, an intellectual, steel workers wife. Began to criticize ministers then began to bring them down saying they were not essential. o She claimed to have been able to contact the holy spirit, revelations. People can have a direct relationship with god without ministers, but now that ministers have power in the government, they do not want to lose their support or their status in the government Hutchinson was brought to trial in 1637 o Charged with heresy, pregnant with her 14th child (7 living at the time) o John Winthrop held the case. Claim to have a direct relationship with god. o Stayed in Rhode Island for a while but was not happy. She then travelled to Long Island where her and her family were massacred by Indians. o When John Winthrop heard of her death, he said she was singled out by god Maryland Proprietary colony o Royal gifts by the king to favored individuals George Calvert, Lord Baltimore o Given title to Maryland June 30, 1634 o Owner of the colony of Maryland but was still subject to the laws of England and the church. Haven for English Catholics New York Was not originally English, Originally started by the Dutch as New Netherlands(1614) New Amsterdam 1664 captured by the English o Given to James, Duke of York The Dutch were losing money in the colony, were not completely upset about losing the colony. Some of the original landmarks are retained from the Dutch. o Broadway street o Wall street Pennsylvania William Penn Created colony as a refuge for Quakers o Society of Friends* o George Fox Quakers did not believe in formal sacraments, or formal ministry o Everyone in the church was able to speak if they felt they were compelled by God They did not believe in hierarchy of church. They believed in equality of the sexes in church. Penn Family was a prominent family in England. King of England owed William Penn's father a lot of money. After Penn's father died, he received rights to Pennsylvania Property in the New World. Was a very prosperous colony to start up Witchcraft in Colonial New England Who was accused? Georgia Military Buffer north of Spain to protect northern colonies from Spain Philanthropic Experiment Also a rehabilitation center for prisoners and criminals James Oglethorpe Said the criminals were just desperate Goes to king of England to convince to start the colony and help the criminals Board of trustees to look over the rest of the colony Rules of the colony You could not sell you land right away you must try to make a farmer of yourself You could not own slaves in Georgia, make the prisoners self sufficient farmers Trade with the Indians was strictly prohibited. Oglethorpe did not want the Indians to get liquor from the prisoners for fear of conflict. None of these rules were easy to enforce. Philanthropic experiment failed Georgia as a military colony success It discouraged invasion for the Spanish It succeeded in protecting the northern colonies. Witchcraft Everyone believed in witchcraft Puritans were particularly strong about witchcraft. Belief in witchcraft comes from English heritage 1542 witchcraft made a capital crime 90% of English accused witches were women Economic status Ann Hibbens In England, only poor women in England could be accused of being a witch, in New England however, it did not matter your status. Ann Hibbens Was of social status Her husband was a smith and a magistrate While on trail, the court addressed her as Misses Hibbens rather than Goodwife for someone of lower economic rank. Concerns about witches o Contract with devil, evils of being a witch Main two concerns of witches o Harm to their neighbors or their neighbors property o Witches were not just enemies of people but enemies of God. They could infiltrate the church and harm the church. Witches were superhuman beings with superhuman powers Maleficium to cause harm to others by supernatural means Powers derived from a covenant with the devil Could make people sick, food spoil, cause miscarriages, make animals sick and turn into an animal all through a touch, a look or a curse (need not be present) Devils Mark all of these powers are gotten from a covenant made with the devil. The devils mark was toward sexual parts. It could be anything, a mole, birthmark, blemish on the skin. o o o Proving a witch was difficult, confession was the best way to figure a witch out. Family and friends were brought to convince them they were a witch. The would badger the accused, torture the accused and put them under psychological pressure. Salem, Massachusetts (1691-1692) Most of the incidents were isolated People were accusing one another one after the other, much more than any other colony. Testimony from the accused witch's neighbors was valued. Characteristics of accused witches Gender mostly female o 342 people accused of witchcraft between 1620-1725 recorded. 267 (78%) were women. 75 (22%) men that were accused, half of them were a suspect by association. o In 1652, John Bradstreet confessed to having familiarity with the devil. The court ordered him to be whipped or fined for telling a lie o Another man confessed to witchcraft and was charged with lying. Age over 40...Dun Dun Duuuuunnnn...MENOPAUSE!!! Marital Status Women alone are more vulnerable, the older they are, the are more likely to be alone, Some widowed, divorced or rarely, just single. Property Ownership Women who owned and ran their own property rather than let a man control it were more vulnerable, they interfered with old tradition. Father to son line. Catherin Hemerison After her husband died, he left her property to her but instead of letting her male relative control the land. She ran her own land. She fit the description, over 40, owned and ran her own land and was widowed The Colonies and Economic Regulation Salutary Neglect began with Charles the 1st. Neglect that is not harmful. He allowed the colonies to grow on their own. Mother Country/Colonial Relationship England's perspective No colony Could be founded without the support and encouragement of the English government. Because England started the colonies, they believed the colonies needed them. For lack of a military and some stable finances they were right. Colonies dependent on the mother country for military support In return colonies give money and resources Mercantilism Operative economic theory of all mahor European powers in the 17th and 18th centuries o A nation could only gain wealth at the expense of another nation o Power and wealth go hand in hand England was dependent on the colonies to give them resources. Also, the colonies could not compete with the mother colony. The function of the colonies is to support the mother country it belongs to. Eventually, the colonies try to compete with the colonies. o The colonies are a source of raw materials and a marked for finished good. Navigation Acts 1652 o o 1660 o o 1663 o 1673 o All goods imported into England or the colonies must arrive on English ships Majority of the crew must be English Crews must be English Certain goods could not only be shipped to England or English Colonies Everything shipped from Europe to America had to stop in England, taxes paid amd reshipped All ships even colony to colony trade has to go through England or pay a tax as if they had. Manufacturing Acts England would rather the colonies manufacture nothing and just supply resources. Wool and shoe act (1699) Hat Act (1732) Excellent decision because of animal furs. The beaver fur was nonexistent in England but a beaver hat was almost a necessity in high society. The Act said, hats produced in a colony can only be sold in that colony. This results in smuggling. o Danbury Connecticut starts to make high quality hats much, much cheaper than in England because the furs are in the colonies. Hat makers in England lose a lot of their business. Iron Act (1750)
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