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- Title: Chapter 11
- Type: Notes
- School: Texas A&M
- Course: POLS 207
- Term: Fall
Coursehero >> Texas >> Texas A&M >> POLS 207
Path: Texas A&M >> POLS >> 207 Fall, 2007
Path: Texas A&M >> POLS >> 207 Fall, 2007
Path: Texas A&M >> POLS >> 207 Fall, 2007
Path: Texas A&M >> POLS >> 207 Fall, 2007
Path: Texas A&M >> CAEN >> 101 Summer, 2007
Path: Texas A&M >> CAEN >> 101 Summer, 2007
Path: Texas A&M >> CAEN >> 101 Summer, 2007
Path: Texas A&M >> CAEN >> 101 Summer, 2007
Path: Texas A&M >> CAEN >> 101 Summer, 2007
Path: Texas A&M >> CAEN >> 101 Summer, 2007
Path: Texas A&M >> CAEN >> 101 Summer, 2007
Path: Texas A&M >> CAEN >> 101 Summer, 2007
Path: Texas A&M >> CAEN >> 101 Summer, 2007
Path: Texas A&M >> CAEN >> 101 Summer, 2007
Path: Texas A&M >> CAEN >> 101 Summer, 2007
Path: Texas A&M >> CAEN >> 101 Summer, 2007
Path: Texas A&M >> CAEN >> 101 Summer, 2007
Path: Texas A&M >> CAEN >> 101 Summer, 2007
Path: Texas A&M >> CAEN >> 101 Summer, 2007
Path: Texas A&M >> CAEN >> 101 Summer, 2007
Path: Texas A&M >> CAEN >> 101 Summer, 2007
Path: Texas A&M >> CAEN >> 101 Summer, 2007
Path: Texas A&M >> CAEN >> 101 Summer, 2007
Path: Texas A&M >> CAEN >> 101 Summer, 2007
Path: Texas A&M >> CAEN >> 101 Summer, 2007
Path: Texas A&M >> CAEN >> 101 Summer, 2007
Path: Texas A&M >> POLS >> 206 Fall, 2007
Path: Texas A&M >> POLS >> 206 Fall, 2007
Path: Texas A&M >> POLS >> 206 Fall, 2007
Path: Texas A&M >> POLS >> 206 Fall, 2007
Path: Texas A&M >> POLS >> 206 Fall, 2007
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Path: Texas A&M >> MEEN >> 227 Spring, 2006
Path: Texas A&M >> GEOL >> 404 Spring, 2007
Path: Texas A&M >> ENGL >> 104 Spring, 2006
Path: University of Iowa >> ECON >> 06E:001:AA Spring, 2008
Path: University of Iowa >> ECON >> 06E:001:AA Spring, 2008
Path: University of Iowa >> ECON >> 06E:001:AA Spring, 2008
Path: University of Iowa >> ECON >> 06E:001:AA Spring, 2008
Path: University of Iowa >> ECON >> 06E:001:AA Spring, 2008
Path: University of Iowa >> ECON >> 06E:001:AA Spring, 2008
Path: University of Iowa >> ECON >> 06E:001:AA Spring, 2008
Path: University of Iowa >> ECON >> 06E:001:AA Spring, 2008
Path: University of Iowa >> ECON >> 06E:001:AA Spring, 2008
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Path: Iowa State >> MCC - FINA >> MCC MO1 Spring, 2008
Path: Iowa State >> BIOL >> 212 Spring, 2008
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Path: Iowa State >> BIOL >> 212 Spring, 2008
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Path: Iowa State >> BIOL >> 212 Spring, 2008
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Path: Iowa State >> BIOL >> 212 Spring, 2008
Path: Iowa State >> BIOL >> 212 Spring, 2008
Path: Iowa State >> BIOL >> 212 Spring, 2008
Path: Iowa State >> BIOL >> 212 Spring, 2008
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11 Chapter Why should we care about local governments? Local governments provide fundamental public services (health, sewage maintenance, etc.) to communities. Local governments are more accessible Types of local government Counties o A geographic subdivision of state government o Ex. Brazos County, Texas Municipalities o Political jurisdictions such as cites, villages, or towns incorporated under state law to provide governance to a defined geographic area. o Ex. Bryan, Texas or College Station, Texas Special Districts o Local governmental units created for a single purpose o Ex. College station school districts Why do localities differ? Democracy's "Petri Dish" o See where government grows best. local governments serve sub-state populations o More demographic and geographic variance Localities reflect the political and cultural traditions of specific geographic areas More overlapping responsibilities. Federalism and local government "National Supremacy Clause" and Preemption give federal government power... But the 10th amendment protects the rights of states. So what protects the rights of states of local governments? Nothing!!!!! Federalism and local government Doesn't federalism work within states? Could state constitutions be federal How are state governments like unitary governments? Federalism and local government Doesn't federalism work within states? Could state constitutions be federal? Is this true in all federal states? Dillon's Rule legal The principle that local governments can only exercise the powers granted to them by state governments. Local governments can regulate anything in their area or can regulate nothing. This explains why the power of local governments varies across states. Home rule: expanding the power of local government Home rule usually granted by a charter, provides localities the right to self-government o General act charters o Special act charters Homer rule provides autonomy to localities, but it also severs important financial connections with state and federal governments. County government A geographic subdivision of state government. Size and population vary dramatically across the US. Delaware has three counties. Texas has 254. Country Government What do counties do? o Keep public records, administer property taxes, maintain county roads, and certify elections, run jails and courts for county sheriff, parks and recreation. PG 373 study fig. 10-2 Commission administrators from voters do not elect county executives Strong Mayor government Page 277 study graph. City voters elect city council and mayor. Mayor can veto city council Controls city departments o Police, fire, clerk, public works, streets, sanitation, parks, planning Weak Mayor government City votes on council and mayor. The mayor presides over the council. The council however controls the city deprarments. #1 Mayor Council System Used in 42% of municipalities Elected executive
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PhotosynthesisPath: Iowa State >> BIOL >> 212 Spring, 2008
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Description: Video for Xylem Flow: 36_13XylemTranspiration_A.swf 36_12XylemTransport_A.swf Video for Phloem Flow: 36_19PhloemTranslocSummer_A.swf 36_19PhloemTranslocSpring_A.swf Plant Nutrition Plants require certain chemical elements to complete their life cy...
Plant ReproductionPath: Iowa State >> BIOL >> 212 Spring, 2008
Description: Plant Reproduction Focus on angiosperm plants >250,000 species or 90% of all plants produce flowers and fruits life cycle alternates between diploid haploid Sporophyte: diploid plant Gametophyte: haploid gametes Life Cycle of Angiosperm Me...
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Description: Plant Structure & Growth The plant body has a hierarchy of organs, tissues, and cells Plants, like multicellular animals have organs composed of different tissues which are in turn composed of cells Basic Morphology of Vascular Plants Reflects ...
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Description: CALVIN CYCLE or CARBON FIXATION Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 to sugar Occurs in the stroma Three Phases Calvin cycle has three phases Carbon fixation Reduction (2ATP + 2NADPH) Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor (ATP) consumption...
Cell CommunicationPath: Iowa State >> BIOL >> 212 Spring, 2008
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Cellular RespirationPath: Iowa State >> BIOL >> 212 Spring, 2008
Description: Cellular Respiration Catabolic Process: converting food to ATP and NADH energy via oxidation Occurs in mitochondria with O2 consumption and CO2 + H2O production Different food sources converge into Glucose Metabolism THREE STAGES GLYCOLYSIS cytopla...
DNA StructurePath: Iowa State >> BIOL >> 212 Spring, 2008
Description: DNA Structure DNA, the substance of inheritance Hereditary information Is encoded in the chemical language of DNA and reproduced in all organisms It is the DNA program That directs the development of many different types of traits DNA: Polymer o...
Gene to ProteinPath: Iowa State >> BIOL >> 212 Spring, 2008
Description: Gene to Protein Gene expression: Process by which DNA directs protein synthesis TWO Stages Transcription: RNA synthesis on a DNA template Translation: Polypeptide synthesis using the genetic information encoded on mRNA Gene: Domain of DNA coding fo...
TranslationPath: Iowa State >> BIOL >> 212 Spring, 2008
Description: TRANSLATION RNA-directed polypeptide synthesis A cell translates a mRNA message into polypeptide with two additional types of RNA transfer RNA (tRNA) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) assembled in complex with polypeptides to form ribosomes Overview of Transla...
Living CellPath: Iowa State >> BIOL >> 212 Spring, 2008
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Enzyme MetabolismPath: Iowa State >> BIOL >> 212 Spring, 2008
Description: ENZYME METABOLISM 2nd Law: When G < 0, Reaction is Spontaneous BUT for reaction to occur, a catalyst is needed A catalyst is a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction (remains unchanged by the reaction) An Enz...
Environmental Regulations of PlantsPath: Iowa State >> BIOL >> 212 Spring, 2008
Description: Environmental Regulation of Plants Plants are responsive to environment Many hormone transduction pathways link environment to plant response Light Gravity Pathogen ETIOLATION Plants have cellular receptors to detect important changes in enviro...
Hormonal Regulation of PlantsPath: Iowa State >> BIOL >> 212 Spring, 2008
Description: Hormonal Regulation of Plants Plants respond to environment by adjusting growth and development Coordination of response requires hormone production 2nd messenger pathways animals and plants response to environment stimulus by hormone productio...