9
"Habits Diseases
Chapter are to the soul what the veins and arteries are to the blood, the courses in which it moves." - Horace Bushnell
Objectives
Differentiate between communicable and noncommunicable diseases Identify the symptoms of various diseases List 5 strategies which should be utilized by members of their age group to avoid contraction of these diseases Know the risk factors for cancer Identify the seven warning signs of cancer Be able to list the steps for the BSE and TSE
Objectives cont...
List important aspects of periodic self/doctor examinations Differentiate between Type I and Type diabetes List three risk factors for Type II diabetes Define and describe anemia Know the signs and symptoms of anemia Identify three possible causes of ulcers
Communicable Diseases
Transmitted from person to person Transmission can occur by:
Direct
transmission
Coughing or sneezing
Indirect
transmission
Contaminated water or infected insects
Types
HIV/AIDS Tuberculosis Mononucleosis Hepatitis Common Cold Influenza
HIV/AIDS
Non-sexual contraction through blood transfusions, sharing needles, and or the exchange of blood or breast milk from a mother to her unborn or newborn child High risk groups
IV
drug users Individuals receiving a blood transfusion before 1985
Tuberculosis
Why have rates risen in the past decade??? Affects the lungs Caused by the bacillus microorganism Mycobacterium tuberculosis Transmitted by airborne droplets when someone with active TB coughs, talks, or sneezes
Tuberculosis cont...
Latent TB
Will
have a positive skin test Not ill Cannot infect others May develop TB later in life
Tuberculosis cont...
Active TB
Infants, adolescents,
& young adults are at risk Symptoms: fatigue, weight loss, lethargy, decreased appetite, low grade fever, and night sweats A cough generally develops slowly Infections involves the lungs, but can spread to other parts of the body One half of untreated individuals will die With treatment, 5 10% will die
Tuberculosis cont...
Diagnosis
Chest
x-ray Culture and microscopic examination
Treatment
Active
TB: combination of medication Treatment failure due to the development of drugresistant strains, caused by the irregularity in taking medications
Mononucleosis
Transmitted by saliva exchange Majority of cases occur in 15 30 yr olds Caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, which attacks the lymphocytes Symptoms
Initially,
mild symptoms of headache & fatigue Followed by, lymph node enlargement and sore throat
Mononucleosis cont...
Medical concerns
Enlargement
of the spleen Rare but possible complications, such as hepatitis, meningitis, encephalitis, and coma
Diagnosis
Blood
test that detects the Epstein-Barr virus
Treatment
Bed
rest, adequate hydration, non-aspirin analgesics
Hepatitis
"Inflammation of the liver" Causes of Hepatitis
Alcohol
or drug induced inflammation Virus most common
6 different viruses (A, B, C, D, E, & G) Viral hepatitis is a major public health concern
5,000,000
people are infected with Hepatitis B or C
Hepatitis cont...
Hepatitis can cause:
Rapid
liver failure and death Cirrhosis and/or liver cancer a slower process
Hepatitis A & B - more likely to cause symptoms Hepatitis B & C - more likely to contribute to long-term health problems
Hepatitis A Public Health Concern
Diagnosis can be alarming
With advances in treatment, there is hope for recovery
especially
when treatment is started early in the course of the illness
Prevention and testing are also important factors
Hepatitis A
Poses the least threat Transmission:
contact with food or water which has been contaminated with infected human waste OR direct person-to-person transmission
May be no symptoms at all, but commonly there are "flulike" symptoms The course of the illness varies from mild symptoms lasting 1-2 weeks to severe symptoms lasting several months
Hepatitis A cont...
Individuals at risk:
Household
or sexual contacts of infected individuals Children in day care settings and their adult caretaker Patients and caretakers in institutionalized settings Recent travelers to developing countries
Diagnosis:
Detecting
elevated liver enzymes and antibodies against Hepatitis A
Hepatitis A cont...
Treatment:
Analgesics for pain IV fluids in the presence of excessive vomiting to prevent dehydration
Prevention:
Careful hand washing Proper sewage disposal Effective water treatment developed countries
Vaccine is available
Recommended if traveling to a country with poor sanitation
Hepatitis C
The most serious viral hepatitis to date Transmission is similar to Hepatitis B Risk factors:
Blood
transfusion prior to 1992 IV drug abuse
Most who contract the virus have no symptoms Some will have "flu-like" symptoms
Hepatitis C cont...
85% of those infected will develop a chronic infection If left untreated, an individual is at higher risk for cirrhosis, liver cancer, liver failure
Hepatitis C cont...
Diagnosis:
Testing
liver enzymes levels & hepatitis C antibodies
Treatment:
Interferon Rebetron
No vaccine available
Meningitis
Infection of the fluid of a person's spinal cord and the fluid that surrounds the brain
Viral Meningitis
Most
common Less severe Treatment: bed rest, fluids, medicine to relieve fever and headaches
Bacterial Meningitis
Can cause blindness, deafness, permanent brain damage, learning disability, or even death Can be treated successfully with antibiotics if caught early Classic symptoms: high fever, severe headache, a stiff neck, and a skin rash that looks like small, purplish red spots Other symptoms: nausea, vomiting, discomfort looking into bright lights, confusion, and sleepiness Symptoms can take anywhere from 2-10 days after close exposure to someone with meningitis
Meningitis cont...
Diagnosis: spinal tap
Spread by direct contact through respiratory and throat secretions (e.g., coughing, sneezing, kissing, and immediate sharing of unwashed eating utensils)
There should be special concern if someone in your household or dorm, daycare, or intimate partner has contracted meningitis
Common Cold
Caused by several different viruses
Transmitted directly or indirectly Symptoms: congestion, sneezing, sore throat,
coughing, and a low-grade fever
Medication can ease symptoms
Influenza (Flu)
Viral infection of the nose, throat, bronchial tubes, and lungs
Transmission similar to the common cold Symptoms: high fever, chills, headache, muscle and
joint ache, coughing and fatigue
Cold vs. the Flu
Is It a Cold or the Flu???
Reducing the Risk of Contracting the Cold and/or Flu
Wash hands often Do not touch infected areas Drink plenty of water Adequate rest Avoid using handkerchiefs Vitamin C Flu shot
Non-Communicable Diseases
Not transmitted from person to person Develops from many sources:
Genetic
predisposition Lifestyle factors
Sun exposure Smoking Physical inactivity Unhealthy eating habits
Types
Cancer Asthma Diabetes
Cancer
Characterized by the growth of abnormal cells Tumors are benign or malignant Classified by cell type and organ origination of 4 classifications:
1) 2)
3)
4)
Carcinoma Sarcomas Leukemias Lymphomas
Risk Factors
Family history: 10% of all cancers Race and culture Carcinogens: 80-90% of all cancers
Environmental Sun
and occupational hazards
exposure Cigarette smoking Viruses Alcohol consumption Poor dietary habits
7 Warning Signs of Cancer
1. Change in bowel or bladder habits
2. A sore not healing 3. Unusual bleeding or discharge
4. Thickening lumps 5. Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
6. Obvious change in wart or mole 7. Nagging cough or hoarseness
Cancer cont...
WHAT IS THE KEY TO BEATING CANCER??? Treatment:
Surgery
Radiation Chemotherapy
Immunotherapy
Skin Cancer
Most common form of cancer 90% occur on parts of the body not usually covered by clothes (face, hands, forearms, & ears)
Types of Skin Cancer
The
two most common:
cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma The fatality rate is less than one percent
Less
Basal
prevalent:
melanoma Incidence is rising 4-5% each year
Malignant
Risk factors
blond or red hair freckling on upper back rough red bumps on skin family history of melanoma 3 or more blistering sunburns as a teenager 3 or more years at an outdoor job as a teenager living in the southern United States
Skin cancer cont...
risk increases 3-4 times w/ 1 or 2 characteristics
risk increases 20-25 times w/ 3+ characteristics
Prevention
Avoid sun when your shadow is shorter than you
Cover up when in the sun Use sunscreen with SPF 15 or greater Beware of cloudy days, water, and snow Avoid tanning beds
Early Detection
Skin Self-Exam (SSE)
each month Start with the head and work downward Follow the "ABCD rule"
Asymmetry Border Color Diameter
Performed
Lung Cancer
#1 cause of cancer deaths in U.S. 85% of all lung cancer deaths are caused by smoking Other carcinogens: asbestos, secondhand smoke, radiation and
radon exposure
Is there early detection for lung cancer??? Symptoms:
chest pain, shortness of breath recurring bronchitis or pneumonia weight loss or loss of appetite nagging cough anemia
Breast Cancer
Most common form among women (besides skin cancer) Risk factors:
Age
40 and older family history early onset of menstruation having no children or at a late age late menopause obesity
Breast Cancer cont...
What is the best way to reduce mortality rates among breast cancer patients??? Women age 20 + should perform monthly BSE's Routine mammograms by age 40 Breast Self Exams:
Look
for masses within the tissue or changes in appearance Conduct self exam at the same time each month
One week after the beginning of the menstrual period
Breast Self Exams cont...
Procedures: Mirror Bath or Shower Lying Down
Cervical Cancer
Mainly affects young women No symptoms in the early stages
Symptoms: uterine bleeding, cramps, infections,
pain in the abdominal region
Risk Factors: 1st vaginal intercourse at an early
age, multiple sex partners, infections with certain types of HPV's, & cigarette smoking
Pap Smear
A check for pre-cancerous cells or early cancer of the cervix
Can help prevent up to 90% of cervical cancer When should you have your first pap smear? How often should you have a pap smear?
Testicular Cancer
Most common cancer among younger males (ages 15 34)
Risk Factors:
Greatest
Risk factor: undescended testicle as a
child Other risk factors: family history, inguinal hernia, testicular trauma, mumps, elevated testicular temperature, & vasectomy
Testicular Cancer cont...
Check with your physician:
If
there is a general feeling of heaviness in the testicles If the whole testicle feel harder than usual If one side of your scrotum is very swollen If you feel a lump or hard area in the testicles Any skin sores, bumps, or other changes in your genitals that do not seem normal
Testicular Self Exams
Exams should begin at age 15
How often should you perform a TSE??? When should you perform a TSE??? Procedures:
Mirror
After
a Bath or Shower
Oral Cancers
Cancers of the lip, tongue, mouth, and pharynx Risk factors: tobacco & excessive alcohol use Early symptoms: a bleeding sore that will not heal, a
lump or thickening, a red or white patch (lesion) that will not go away, a persistent sore throat, difficulty chewing, swallowing or moving of the tongue or jaws
Asthma
Respiratory disorder which involves difficulty breathing
Individuals will notice a wheezing sound In some cases, an individual can remove themselves from an irritant
Most attacks require medical intervention
Asthma cont...
Risk factors: family history, exposure to certain
allergens, certain viral infections, and cigarette smoke
Individuals are twice as likely to have asthma, if their mother smoked
Most children outgrow the condition
Diabetes
Insufficient insulin production by the pancreas OR The body's inability to utilize insulin 2 functions of insulin move glucose from blood to cells convert glucose to glycogen Types of diabetes: Type I and Type II
Type I Diabetes
associated with child or adolescent onset pancreas does not produce insulin requires regular injections Symptoms:
fatigue,
irritability, abnormal hunger or thirst, frequent urination, and weight loss symptoms appear suddenly and dramatically
Treatment: monitor blood glucose and adjust the
amount of insulin injected
Type II Diabetes
Associated with adult onset and obesity
Insulin produced, but the cells of the body do not use it effectively Symptoms:
drowsiness,
blurred vision, itching, slow healing of cuts, skin infections, & numbness of fingers and toes symptoms appear gradually
Type II Diabetes cont...
Complications:
Diabetic coma, seizures, strokes, heart attacks, gangrene of the lower extremities, & blindness Leading cause of blindness among adults Accounts for half of all amputations
Treatment:
Healthy diet Regular exercise Maintain healthy body weight and fat levels In some instances, insulin may be required
Summary
Communicable diseases are transmitted directly and indirectly Tuberculosis affects the lungs Mononucleosis attacks the lymphocytes Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver Common cold is caused by several different viruses Influenza (Flu) is a viral infection of the nose, throat, bronchial tubes, and lungs Non-communicable diseases develop from genetic predispositions and lifestyle factors The 7 warning signs of cancer aid in the early detection of cancer
Summary cont...
Skin Self-Exams, Breast Self-Exams, Mammograms, Pap Smears, and Testicular Self-Exams, Digital Rectal Exams, Stool Blood Tests, & Proctosigmoidoscopy help with the early detection of cancer Asthma is a respiratory disorder which involves difficulty breathing Diabetes results from either an insufficient insulin production by the pancreas or the body's inability to utilize insulin There are 4 different types of Anemia Gastrointestinal disorders include ulcers and irritable bowel syndrome
Local Contacts and Websites
Texas A&M University Health Center 845-1511 Center for Disease Control and Prevention www.cdc.gov American Cancer Society
www.cancer.org
American Diabetes Association
www.diabetes.org