Bobby introduction
Robert Grisso, Extension Engineer, Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech John Perumpral, Emeritus Professor, Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech S. Christian Mariger, Instructor, Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech David E. Suttle, M.D., Director, Office of Family Health Services, Virginia Department of Health Karen Funkenbush, Missouri AgrAbility Project Director, University of Missouri Kirk Ballin, Virginia AgrAbility Project Director, Virginia Easter Seals
arthritis and Farming
publication 442-083
arthritis
Approximately 45 million, or 15 percent, of Americans suffer from arthritis. This chronic disease is more prevalent among farmers. A recent survey of Virginia farmers revealed that about 30 percent of the respondents have been diagnosed with arthritis. Among those affected, about half of them reported that the condition interferes with their daily activities even though only 42 percent of them are currently receiving treatment (Mariger et al. 2007). Since it causes pain and inflammation in joints and limits mobility, arthritis has the potential to prematurely disable farmers and farm workers if they do not take proper care. This publication was developed primarily to familiarize farmers, ranchers, and farm workers with arthritis by providing general information about the disease. It provides information on the types of arthritis, symptoms, treatments, and steps that can be taken to avoid permanent damage to joints so individuals can continue farming activities without pain. It also provides sources for additional arthritis related information and types of assistance. The information presented here should not be used as a substitute for the advice and guidance that can be obtained from a physician. On the other hand, this information can be useful in giving you the background to have an intelligent discussion with your doctor about arthritis and a treatment plan. Considering that early diagnosis is extremely important in treating arthritis and minimizing its severity, individuals experiencing joint pain should consult with their family physician without delay.
Arthritis is an inflammation of joints. While it is not a life-threatening condition, if it is left untreated, arthritis may cause severe pain, swelling, loss of motion, permanent damage to joints, and possible disability. People of all ages are affected by arthritis. It is most common among those over 40, and more women are affected than men. The impact of this condition can be profound on farmers and ranchers because it limits their physical strength, their mobility, and their reach. With arthritis, many farm-related activities such as climbing, lifting, and pushing/pulling, as illustrated in Fig.1, become difficult, if not impossible. When strength, mobility, and reach are affected, assistive technologies, described in a later section, can help you avoid permanent joint damage or secondary injuries. The key to success in treating arthritis and in prolonging life as a farmer is early diagnosis. There are two common types of arthritis osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
Fig. 1. Selected examples of farming-related activities that are affected by arthritis.
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osteoarthritis
This type of arthritis develops slowly over time due to the degeneration of cartilage separating the bones within the joint. Fig. 2 compares a good joint with an affected joint. As the cartilage wears out, the space between bones in the joint narrows and spurs may develop between the bones. Eventually as the bone surfaces rub together, the joints become inflamed, causing stiffness and pain. Usually adults over 40 get osteoarthritis. Severe injury to joints, repetitive motion, and stressful use of joints are the primary causes of osteoarthritis. For these reasons, farmers and ranchers are more susceptible to this type of arthritis. Excess body weight, enzyme imbalance, and heredity are other possible causes for osteoarthritis. Excess weight, particularly, increases the risk of developing osteoarthritis in weight-bearing joints of hip, knees, and toes. With the onset of osteoarthritis, one may experience pain and stiffness temporarily following strenuous activities or when getting up in the mornings. Generally, this type of discomfort may not last more than thirty minutes. Other symptoms associated with osteoarthritis may include the following: Pain and tenderness in joints Discomfort in a joint due to change in weather Swelling and stiffness in a joint Bony lumps on the middle or ends of joints of fingers Loss of flexibility of joints When one or more of these symptoms appear, consult with your family physician immediately for early diagnosis and treatment. Your physician may recommend a combination of treatments that includes medication, exercise and weight control, physical and occupational therapy, and joint protection.
Degradation of cartilage
Inflamation
a
b
Fig.2. Comparison of a joint affected by osteoarthritis at the initial (A) and more advanced stages (B).
pannus formation
a
Inflamation in synovium
b
Fig.3. Comparison of inflammation in the synovium in the initial (A) and more advanced stage (B) in a joint affected by Rheumatoid Arthritis.
stroy the cartilage, bone, and soft tissues. This in turn can weaken ligaments, muscles, and bones. Rheumatoid arthritis is more disabling than osteoarthritis. While osteoarthritis primarily affects the joints, rheumatoid arthritis can affect joints and the entire body, including the heart, blood vessels, lungs, and eyes. Another key difference between the two types of arthritis is that the pain and stiffness experienced in the mornings generally lingers for a much longer period in the case of rheumatoid arthritis. the common symptoms associated with rheumatoid arthritis are: Pain and swelling in joints Pain and stiffness in the joints in the morning Warmth and redness in joints Weakness in muscles attached to the affected joints Low-grade fever General sense of not feeling well Weight loss Deformity in joints 2
Rheumatoid arthritis
This is an autoimmune disorder that can cause aching and swelling in joints. When the bodys immune system wrongly identifies body cells as invaders, it fights and attacks good tissues causing inflammation. The synovial membrane lining the joint is more susceptible to this type of attack than other areas (Fig. 3). The inflamed synovum, when not treated, can potentially de-
Early diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis is critical because it has the potential to cause permanent damage within a period of one to two years. Diagnosis of this type of arthritis is complex and the specialist may have to depend on a variety of tests for early diagnosis.
tendonitis
other Musculoskeletal conditions
Tendons attach muscles to the bones. Inflammation of these thick fibrous chords (tendons) causes tendonitis. Stressful use of tendons may cause tears, pain, and tenderness around the joints where the torn tendons are located. The most common joints affected by tendonitis are shoulder, elbow, and knee.
In addition to arthritis, other problems associated with joints, bones, ligaments, tendons, muscles, and nerves can also cause joint problems. Because the symptoms of arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions are similar, correctly diagnosing the condition can be difficult. In this section, selected musculoskeletal conditions that are common among farmers are described.
Dealing with arthritis
Early Diagnosis
Arthritis is not a life-threatening disease. However, if it is ignored and left untreated, arthritis can potentially cause irreversible joint damage and mobility problems that limit your ability to perform common farm chores and responsibilities. Often many farmers delay seeking professional help for various reasons such as work load, lack of health insurance, and myths like pain comes with age. Although there is no cure for arthritis, there are a number of advanced treatments that can prevent permanent damage to joints and minimize pain. Early diagnosis is the key to successful treatment. For this reason, as soon as arthritis symptoms appear, a doctor or specialist should be consulted. Early detection and treatment may allow individuals to continue farming pain-free for a longer period.
back pain
Back pain is the most common musculoskeletal condition among farmers. The area most susceptible is the lower back. Although this condition could result from any number of reasons, most often it is caused by injury (strain) to the muscle or ligament. Among farmers, this condition may occur because the joints are overstressed by lifting heavy weights and/or repetitive loading, or due to improper posture. Although the back pain may last a few days, most pain can be treated with home and self-care. If the pain persists, you should consult a doctor.
protecting Your Joints
Spinal Stenosis
This condition is caused by narrowing of the spinal canal. This puts pressure on the spinal cord and the nerves that branch out from the spinal cord, and it may result in numbness in legs, back, neck, shoulders, and arms.
bursitis
Bursitis is caused by the repetitive stressing of an area around joints in the body. Repeated stressing of elbow and similar joints is common among farmers and farm workers. This overuse can cause inflammation of bursa, a small fluid-filled sac that lubricates and cushions pressure points between bones and tendons and muscles near joints. As a result of bursitis, even small movements may cause severe pain in shoulder, elbow, knee, and hip joints.
Many routine tasks associated with farming can be hard on joints because of the bodys constant exposure to low-frequency vibration, heavy loads, and repetitive motion. For example, tractor operators are constantly exposed to low-frequency vibration during tractor operation. While this vibration is hard on all joints, it is particularly hard on hip and back joints. A well designed seat suspension system as shown in Fig. 4 can isolate the operator from these low frequency vibrations. Similarly, activities such as handling hay bales may result in repeatedly overstressing joints. Therefore, farm workers with arthritis should take extra precautions to avoid such activities whenever possible or make simple design changes on equipment to make tasks easier and to avoid additional joint damage. Fig. 5 shows a modified feed bucket used to simplify the feed distribution task. The most effective way to protect a joint is by strengthening the joint with exercise. Proper exercise can extend the life and usefulness of joints by strengthening the muscles around the joint. Exercise can also increase the flexibility and range of motion of joints. Thus a bal3
Your exercise routine and intensity may depend upon your type of arthritis and the joints affected. Therefore, it is important that you select the routine and intensity in consultation with a physician. About two-thirds of the adults in America are overweight and half of these are obese. Excess body weight aggravates arthritis because it creates undue stress on body joints. Therefore, maintaining proper body weight through diet and exercise is important for arthritis patients. You should use assistive technologies as well to avoid overstressing your joints.
Fig. 4. Improved seat suspension system for isolating the operator from low-frequency vibration.
treatments
Medications
Even though there is no known cure for arthritis, a number of drugs available today, ranging from overthe-counter to prescription to biological, are effective in reducing pain and inflammation and in slowing down the progression of arthritis. Again, the key is early diagnosis. A treatment plan that includes a combination of medication, non-drug therapies, and lifestyle modifications can be effective in keeping those with arthritis active and pain-free longer. Table 1 lists the different drugs used to treat arthritis with examples of brand names, functions, and some of their side effects. A more detailed listing of brand names in each category of drugs and side effects associated with each brand name is available in Hunder (2006).
Fig. 5. Handle for feed bucket to simplify feed distribution.
anced exercise program should include the following three types of exercises: Range-of-motion exercises to reduce joint stiffness and to keep the joint flexible. These exercises also help to extend the limits of joint movement. Stretching is an integral part of range-of-motion exercising. A series of commonly used stretch exercises is included in Appendix A. Strengthening exercises to maintain or increase muscle strength. Strong muscles may improve both joint stability and comfort. The exercise most commonly used for strengthening muscles is lifting weights. Endurance exercises to strengthen the heart and lungs. These exercises are good for improving your stamina and for keeping your weight under control. Examples are walking, bicycling, and swimming. 4
In addition to the side effects, you should also be concerned about drug interaction. Therefore, it is extremely important that you share information on the drugs you are taking with the specialist during consultation. This information, together with your personal history, will allow the specialist to develop an effective treatment plan.
Surgeries
Surgical procedures are not common to treat arthritis because of the many risks associated with joint operations. Doctors only depend on surgical treatment when all other treatments fail to provide any relief. Many factors, such as strength of bones and ligaments supporting the joints, age, weight, and ability to participate in rehabilitation, determine success of surgery. Many types of surgical procedures are available to treat joints affected by arthritis. The surgeon may recommend one or more of the following procedures depend-
ing on patients age, overall health, type of arthritis, and specific joint problem. Arthroscopic Debridement Involves surgical removal of loose fragments of bone, cartilage, or synovium that cause joint pain, most often in the knees. Synovetomy Involves removing some of the inflamed synovial tissues from affected joint/s to relieve pain. Cartilage replacement Involves transplanting tissues from a healthy joint into the damaged joint along with a solution that stimulates cartilage growth. Osteotomy Involves cutting and repositioning bones near a damaged joint to correct deformities caused by arthritis. Resection Involves removing all or part of a damaged bone when an affected joint makes movement painful. Joint Replacement (arthroplasty) Involves reforming the joint by smoothing the ends of bones in a joint, replacement with artificial joints at the knee, hips, etc. Joint Fusion Involves removing a thin layer of tissue from the ends of two bones and binding them together often using pins, rods, or plates. Tendon and Ligament Adjustment Involves tightening or loosening of tendons and ligaments to relieve pain and joint mobility.
Contrast Bath This involves exposing aching joint to warm and cold water intermittently and ending in warm water. This treatment often is more effective than either heat or cold treatment alone for treating rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis in the hands or legs. There are a number of treatments that professionals can administer to manage pain from arthritis. The following are selected examples of such treatments: Use of devices such as foot orthotics, lateral wedge inserts, and knee braces. Exercises to strengthen the muscles and to increase mobility in the joints and massage to improve circulation. Specialized heat treatments by a professional. Steroid injections. Nerve block. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS).
Farming with arthritis
Arthritis can adversely affect a farmers ability to carry out daily activities associated with farming. There are many steps you can take to minimize or avoid permanent damage that arthritis can cause, or to continue your farming tasks while minimizing the pain. These steps are discussed in this section.
Scheduling Daily activities
Arthritis patients experience pain and stiffness in joints in the morning. Depending on the type of arthritis, this pain and stiffness may go away in a short time. To avoid permanent damage and to slow down the progression of the condition, individuals with arthritis should avoid strenuous activities in the mornings when the joints are stiff and painful. You can do this by scheduling less strenuous jobs for the mornings and more strenuous jobs for later in the day when joints are not stiff. Spend a few minutes each morning to prepare a prioritized list of tasks to be completed and to organize your day. Such a list will enable you to schedule alternating difficult and easier jobs with rest periods in between. Your daily schedule should also include time for exercise in the morning to loosen joints.
pain control tips
There are several special techniques you can use to obtain some relief from joint pains. Some of these are simple treatments that can be performed at home and others are treatments that require assistance of professionals. Selected examples of both types follow: Cold Treatment Ice pack and ice massages are recommended for occasional flare-ups. Cold treatment is not recommended for individuals with poor circulation. Heat Treatment In addition to easing pain, heat increases blood flow to an affected region. However, heat is not recommended for swollen areas because it can increase swelling and pain. Hot packs, heating pads, heat lamps, and hot water (baths, showers, and whirlpools) may be used to apply heat to the desired regions. 5
Work and living Space Modifications
In addition to joint pain and inflammation, arthritis can also limit your mobility and reach. These side effects may limit what you as a farmer are able to do. Depending on the severity of the disease, work and living space alterations are often necessary to help with daily activities and minimize the risk of secondary injuries. Some selected examples of work place alterations are: Better access to the operators work space (Figs. 6 and 7) on a tractor and relocating controls to minimize reach (Fig. 8), Spinner knob on a steering wheel for improved grip and easy handling of a tractor (Fig. 9), and Improved animal handling facilities (Fig. 10). Examples of living space alterations may include replacing steps with a ramp for easy access and larger doorknobs for better grip.
Fig. 6. Steps added to improve reach while accessing the work operation
Most space.
changing farming operations are physically demanding and labor-intensive. However, the labor requirements and intensity and schedule flexibility may depend on the type of operation. For example, a dairy operation may be more labor-intensive with less flexibility for rescheduling tasks than some other type of operation. For these reasons, a dairy operation may not be the best choice for someone with arthritis. In such a situation, one should consider changing the type of operation to some thing less demanding and more flexible. If changing the operation is not an option, scaling the operation down to a manageable level should be considered.
Fig. 7. Mechanical lift for accessing the work space.
Role of Family Members
Family members can assist the person to deal and cope with arthritis in many ways. This assistance may include sharing responsibilities on the farm or carrying out simple treatments such as hot and cold treatments.
use of assistive technologies
Arthritis limits the strength, mobility, and reach of joints. To protect the joints from permanent damage and to avoid secondary injuries, those affected by arthritis should consider using assistive technologies that can simplify the tasks and adjust to the limitations resulting from arthritis. Predney (2001) explains how some of the gardening related tasks can be simplified to help those dealing with arthritis. 6
Fig. 8. Properly located gearshift to minimize reach.
Fig. 9. Spinner knob attachment on steering wheel.
Improved livestock handling facility with fence gates to improve efficiency and safety. Ergonomically designed lightweight tools with long handles. Handle wraps to improve grip. Pneumatic, self-adjusting tools. Extra mirrors on tractors. Arrange tools within reach. Lifts to move heavy items. Gel-filled knee pads. Use props or extensions to control the equipment easily. Swivel mounts for seats. Docking station for attaching implements. Joint wraps and braces.
The National AgrAbility Project has been established with the goal of assisting disabled farmers return to the work force and enable these farmers to continue farming. Numerous states have also established AgrAbility projects with similar overall goals. A number of agencies in Virginia, including Virginia Tech and Easter Seals of Virginia, are participating in the AgrAbility program to assist disabled Virginia farmers. Different agencies provide different types of support. Additional information about participating agencies and the types of support they provide are available at the Virginia AgrAbility website http://www.agrability.ext.edu/
Sources of assistance
conclusions
Fig. 10. Facility designed for safe and efficient management of livestock.
Selected examples of assistive technologies that can be used on farms are: Improved seat suspension systems on riding equipment. Extra steps to minimize reach. Mechanical lift to access the operator space. Relocation of controls to minimize reach. Spinner knob for steering wheels for better grip and ease in operation. 7
Arthritis is not a life-threatening disease. However, if left untreated, it can result in permanent damage to joints. Early diagnosis and a treatment strategy that includes a combination of medication, exercise, and change in living style can allow farmers to continue with their daily farming activities for a longer period of time with minimum pain. Since arthritis adversely affects the strength and reach of joints, you should take care to avoid permanent damage and secondary injury by not overstressing the joint or exceeding its limit. In addition, farmers with arthritis should consider using assistive technologies available to minimize the strain on joints.
Sources of information
Additional information on arthritis can be obtained from the following selected sources: Arthritis Foundation (http://www.arthritis.org/) Mayo Clinic Health (http://www.mayoclinic.com/)
Missouri AgrAbility Project (http://agrability.missouri. edu/) Missouri Arthritis Rehabilitation Research and Training Center (MARRTC) (http://www.marrtc.org/) National Institute of Health: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. (http://www.niams.nih.gov/) National Center for Chronic Disease (CDC) Prevention and Health Promotion. (http://www.cdc.gov/arthritis/) Virginia AgrAbility Project (http://www.agrability.ext. edu)
Mariger, S.C., R.D. Grisso, J.V. Perumpral, A.W. Sorenson, N.K. Christensen and R.L. Miller. 2007. Virginia agricultural safety and health survey. ASABE Paper and Presenation No. 075108. St. Joseph, MI:ASABE
acknowledgements
References
Hunder, G. 2006. Mayo Clinic Straight Talk on Arthritis. Mayo Clinic Health Information, Rochester, Minn. pp.358 (http://www.mayoclinic.com) Predny, M. 2001. Gardening and Your Health: Arthritis. Publication 426-062, Virginia Cooperative Extension, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va. http://pubs. ext.vt.edu/426-062/
The authors express their appreciation for the review and comments made by David Holshouser, associate professor and Extension soybean specialist, crop and soil environmental sciences, Tidewater AREC; Bobby Clark, Extension agent, Shenandoah County; Eric Bendfeldt, area specialist, community viability, Northwest District; Zhiyou Wen, assistant professor and by-products utilization specialist, biological systems engineering; and Diane Relf, professor emeritus, horticulture. These materials are based upon work supported by the Cooperative State, Research, Education, and Extension Service (CSREES), U. S. Department of Agriculture, under special project number 2006-41590-03436.
table 1. Drugs used for treating arthritis.
Drug Categories Pain Reducers Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) Cox-2 Inhibitors Examples Brand names Tylenol, Codeine, Demerol, Oxycontin, Ultram Function Control pain Selected Side Effects Upset stomach, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, light-headedness Dizziness, lightheadedness, stomach irritation, gastric ulcers and bleeding, cardiovascular problems Cardiovascular problems, dizziness, diarrhea, stomach pain urinary tract infection Weight gain, mood swings, sleeplessness, blurred vision, muscle weakness, high blood pressure Liver damage, stomach cramps, dizziness, headache, diarrhea, appetite loss Fatigue, heartburn, nausea, vomiting, kidney damage, high blood pressure, increased cancer risk Increased risk of lymphoma, indigestion, respiratory problems
Anacin, Bufferin, Advil, Control pain and Motrin, Naprelan, Daypro inflammation Control pain and inflammation Control inflammation and autoimmune activities Slow disease progression
Celebrex
Corticosteroids
Celestone, Decudron, Metrol, Prelone Plaquenil, Azulfidine, Myochrisine, Minocin
Disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs)
ImmunoSuppresants
Imuron, Cyloxan, Neoral, Slow down Arava, Troxall immune system Orencia, Humira, Kineret Slow disease Enbrel, Ritaxan progression
Biologic Agents
Disclaimer: Commercial products are named in this publication for informational purposes only. Virginia Cooperative Extension does not endorse these products and does not intend discrimination against other products which also may be suitable.
8
appendix a - Recommended Exercises (Source: Mayoclinic.com)
Flexibility Exercises
Before you begin any exercise program, you should consult your doctor or healthcare provider to see what type of exercises are best for you. You may even want to see a physical therapist for an assessment of your specific exercise and joint-protection needs. A physical therapist can help you get started with an exercise program, adapt exercises to avoid damage to your joints, and establish reasonable goals. Also, keep in mind that only your doctor or health care provider should determine the types of activities for you to do during arthritis flare-ups. When a joint is warm, painful, and swollen, rest will help reduce the inflammation. The good news is that you have the opportunity to improve both your health and your life by becoming more active. As a farmer, you are the only one who can make the commitment to start moving now. You will feel better if you start moving and keep moving. IMPORTANT!! STOP exercising immediately if: There is pain or pressure in your chest. You are short of breath. You feel dizzy or sick to your stomach. You begin to have strong pain or more pain than usual. As a farmer, what exercises should I do? There are several kinds of exercises and each has a different purpose. Flexibility or range-of-motion exercises keep your joints healthy and moving. Strengthening exercises build muscles around your joints so they are supported during daily activities. Endurance exercises are good for improving your overall health and to control your weight. All three kinds of exercise are important for farm-workers and others with arthritis. If you can walk, walking is your best bet for a starter exercise. If you cannot walk, try a stationary bicycle with no resistance or do hand or arm exercises. It is good to move each joint in its full range of motion every day. The following exercises may jog your memory of what you learned in physical therapy. If you do not understand, talk with a therapist or doctor or look for them on a recommended video.
These exercises are good to maintain normal joint functions and relieve joint stiffness. Doing an assortment of these exercises for five to 10 minutes several times each day will produce the best results. Depending upon your capacity, you may increase the frequency of your exercise each day. Start slowly and gently. Stretching should not be painful. Do not bounce or get up and down a lot. Whatever you do for your left side, do for your right side. It is best to use all your joints every day and move them through their entire range of motion. If you do not move in certain directions during your normal day, you should take care to exercise those joints. The joints you use during your regular daily routines do not need as much attention. Remember to breathe naturally as you do these exercises. Do stretching exercises on a daily basis. They are easiest after a shower or bath when the muscle tissues are still warm. Do light flexibility exercises before the strengthening or aerobic exercises.
Your neck:
Bring your head forward, as though to touch your chin to your chest (1). Return your head upright. Hold 15 seconds. Relax. Look straight ahead. Bend head backward (2). Hold 15 seconds. Relax. Repeat 5 to 10 times per set. Tilt your ear to your left shoulder without raising your shoulders (3). Return your head upright. Repeat to the right. Hold each position 15 seconds. Repeat to the other side. Repeat 5 to 10 times per set. Turn your face to the left, keeping neck, shoulders, and trunk straight (4). Repeat to the right. Hold each position 15 seconds. Return to front. Repeat to the other side. Repeat 5 to 10 times per set.
1 3
2 4
9
Your shoulders:
With your arms at your side, roll your shoulders forward in a circular motion (5). Reverse. Stand with your feet shoulder-width apart. Hold a cane, broomstick, or wand comfortably with both hands (6). Raise the cane forward and up5 ward over your head (7). Return to the starting position. Repeat. Hold each position 15 seconds. Repeat 5 to 10 times per set. You may place your palms up (as in illustration) or down.
Stand with your feet shoulder-width apart. Hold the cane behind your back, with your hands shoulderwidth apart (11). Slowly move the cane backward and upward, keeping your elbows straight (12). All 11 12 movement should come from your shoulders. Do not lea...