VIRUS NORWALK (NORWALK, OHIO, 1972) IS THE PROTOTYPE OF THE GENUS NORWALK-LIKE VIRUS (NLV) IN THE CALICIVIRIDAE FAMILY INCLUDES LARGE NUMBER OF GENETICALLY RELATED STRAINS THAT CAUSE GASTROENTERITIS WORLD WIDE HUMANS ARE THE ONLY KNOWN HOSTS NLV ACCOUNTS FOR: USA UK 96% NON-BACTERIAL GASTROENTERITIS 43% FOOD BORNE OUTBREAKS 67% FOOD BORNE OUTBREAKS 80% FOOD BORNE OUTBREAKS
SWEDEN HOLLAND
WEST NILE VIRUS IN CANADA (2003) HUMANS 300 CASES 8 CASES 1 CASE
ONTARIO QUEBEC ALBERTA
8 DEATHS
AVIANS (DEATHS) STRONG NOVA SCOTIA 3 MANITOBA 88 INDICATION THAT SASKATCHEWAN 44 HUMAN INFECTION
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WILL APPEAR IN THESE PROVINCES
IN U.S.A. 3,873 HUMAN CASES IN 43 STATES 94 DEATHS 6,000 EQUINE CASES WEST NILE VIRUS TO BECOME A REPORTABLE DISEASE
NORWALK VIRUS
AFFECTS ADULTS AND CHILDREN >5 YEARS LOW INFECTIOUS DOSE OF AGENT (10-100 VIRAL PARTICLES) INCUBATION PERIOD: 24 48 HOURS DURATION OF SYMPTOMS: 12 60 HOURS VOMITING, DIARRHOEA MAIN SOURCE OF INFECTION: FOOD WATER
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ALSO INDIRECT TRANSMISSION o SALIVA o VOMIT o AEROSOLS CONTAMINATED SURFACES e.g., SHOWERS, SINKS, MATS, FLOORS
DIRECT TRANSMISSION PERSON TO PERSON
WEST NILE VIRUS RE-REMERGING GLOBAL PATHOGEN WN VIRUS APPEARED IN WESTERN HEMISPHERE IN 1999. FIRST INTRODUCTION OF AN OLD WORLD FLAVIVIRUS INTO THE NEW WORLD. WN IS AN ARBOVIRUS - INVOLVES BIRDS/MOSQUITOES (CULUX) WN IS SAME FAMILY VIRUS AS DENGUE VIRUSES WN IS AN RNA VIRUS WN IS A MEMBER OF THE JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS (JE) SEROCOMPLEX VIRUSES
JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS DISTRIBUTION VIRUS
CACIPACORE KOUTANGO JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS MURRAY VALLEY ENCEPHALITIS ALFUY WEST NILE ENCEPHALITIS KUNJIN YAONDE ROMANIA 1996
ABBREV.
CPC JE KOU MVE
GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION
SOUTH AMERICA AFRICA ASIA, OCEANIA, AUSTRALIA AUSTRALIA
ALF WN
AUSTRALIA AFRICA, ASIA, EUROPE, NORTH AMERICA AUSTRALIA AFRICA ROMANIA
KUN YAO ROM96
WN VIRUS FIRST ISOLATED IN 1937 IN UGANDA. SINCE THE ORIGINAL ISOLATION IN THE WEST NILE DISTRICT VIRUS IS SPREADING DUE TO GLOBAL COMMERCE, TRAVEL, CLIMATE CHANGE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRENDS 1. INCREASE IN OUTBREAKS IN HUMANS/HORSES 2. INCREASE IN SEVERE HUMAN DISEASE 3. HIGH AVIAN DEATH RATES ACCOMPANYING HUMAN OUTBREAKS IN ISRAEL, U.S.A. 4. CO-CIRCULATING VIRUSES WHY? NEW VIRULENT VARIANT OF WNV WNV CAN BE DIVIDED INTO TWO GENETIC LINEAGES: LINEAGE 1 WN LINEAGE 2 WN
LINEAGE 1 WNV
- CLOSEST RELATIVE OF (NY99) IS A VIRUS CIRCULATING IN ISRAEL 19972000 (ISR98) UP UNTIL 2001 - UP UNTIL 2001, ONLY U.S. AND ISRAEL HAD REPORTED DEATHS/ILLNESS IN HUMANS AND ANIMALS CAUSED BY (ISR98/NY99) VARIANT OF WNV - CLOSE GENETIC RELATIONSHIP (ISR98/NY99) SUGGEST VIRUS IMPORTED INTO NORTH AMERICA FROM MIDDLE EAST ...