315 PSYCH Fall 2007 Exam 2 Study Guide The exam consists of both multiple choice and matching questions (50 questions total). Be sure to bring a #2 pencil and your student ID number to the exam. Steroids & Drugs in Sports (Chapter 8) History Definitions what are steroids *Ergogenic-enhances athletic performance *Androgenic- masculinizing/ naturally occurring male hormones *Anabolic- tissue building/ Schdule 3 classicfication the clear and the cream Gym Talk *Doping- use to increase athletic ability Stacking- using multiple steroids at the same time Shotgunning- consuming any steroid available Cycling- taking multiple does over a period of time, stopping, then starting again Pyramiding- gradually increasing the amount of steroids taken, then tapering off as event nears Plateauing- development of tolerance to steroid Who uses steroids * Males more likely/ young women fastest growing population/ often begins in highschool. Desired Effects & Side Effects *liver tumors and cancer. Injury to tendons/ ligaments/ psychological dependance and withdrawal symptoms. Cardiovascular effects/ MEN: diminished ability to produce serotonin/ stunted growth/ testicular atrophy enlarged prostate/ gynecomastia/ infertility/ impotence/ priapism/ baldness WOMEN: deepening of voice/ Excessive body and facial hair/ enlargement of clitoris/ breast shrinkage. Male pattern baldness/ cessation of menstrual cycle Steroid-like substances *Tetrahydorgestrinone *Androstenedione *Human growth hormone *creatine *ephedra Drug Testing *Blood sampling *saliva sampling *Urine sampling Enzyme immunoassay *Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry **Issues in drug testing- sensitivity, specificity, privacy Steroids at ISU
**over 120 arrests made in steroid investigations Marijuana (Chapter 7) What is it? *Cannabis/ grows anywhere/ drug of its own class History *antimarijuana campaign- (Pharmacological violence thery and Gateway theory) failure of the prohibition & prejudice against Mexican immigrants * Dangers: highly publicized/ a killer weed * Tax Act 1937 * 1942 removed from medicines 1970- schedule 1 drug *Today- still classified as a schedule 1 drug and gateway theory is still popular Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics Pharmacokinetics- Administration- inhalation or ingestion/ ave. joint 70 mg of TCH/ behavior effects- start immediately after smoking and last no longer than 2-3 hours/ distribution- quickly to all organs (fatty)/ more concentration of TCH in the organs with significant concentrations of fat/ easily crosses BBB and placenta** Metabolism- half-life30 hours/ chronic smokers accumulate THC relts in intensified and prolonged effects of the subseguently smoked marijuana/ a reverse tolerance Pharacodynamics- CB1- found in brain/ associated with behavioral and cognitive effects of marijuanaAcute and chronic effects ACUTE: rapid heart beat, thirst, increased appetite, sexual responsiveness, euphoria and well-being, dreaminess, memory impairment, perception alterations, subjective changes, significant deficits in behavior (ability to attend to peripheral signals decreases), heavy use- impairments in senxory motor performance and memory perist well beyond subjective feelings of intoxicatin, driving impairment CHRONIC: withdrawal- 48 hours, lasts 2-10 days, cravings, irritability, sleep and appetite, treatment- antidepressants/ respiratory risks- asthma and breathing difficulties, lung cancer maybe Immune system- suppression in animals, inconclusive evidence in humans Cardiovasuclar effects- no long term in healthy young people Sexual functioning- hormonal changes: lower testosterone in men, lowered level of luteinizing hormone in women but little or low long term effect on fertility Medical applications Analgesia- for pain Nausea and vomiting- patients who undergo chemotherapy for cancer Wasting syndrom- common in AIDS/ loss of at least 10% of body weight- stimulates appetite and increases caloric intake Glaucoma- frequent inhalation to produce an effect Movement disorders- muscle spasicisty, hutingtons disease, parkinsons disease, spinal chord injuries, and multiple sclerosis Psychological disorders- help in depression and bipolar disorder Abuse
Dominant illicit drug- 1/3 of US pop. Over 12 has smoked, 75 % of current illicit drug users VIDEO History of legality issues surrounding marijuana Alcohol (Chapter 9 & 10) Alcohol What is it? *The product of fermentation of natural sugars and or distillation of the fermented products A psychoactive drug, a CNS depressant, the second most widely used an abused psychoactive drug, addictive, a social lubricant Potential risks of combining energy drinks and alcohol How much is one drink? *1 five-ounce glass of wine (.6 oz) 1 12 ounce beer (.54 oz) 1 1.5 ounce shot of 80 proof liquor (.6 oz) 1 12-ounce bottle of wine cooler (.6 oz) Prevalence of alcohol use at least 5% of Americans are alcoholic and the estimate is theat the number is closer to somewhere between 5-10% of the adult pop./ alcoholism a plays major role in the following causes: death, accidents, homicide, suicide, and alcoholic cirrhosis/ 112 mill. Legal adults drink/ 30-50% major depression/ 33% coexisting anxiety disorder/ 36% addicted to other drugs Pharmacodynamics & Pharmacokinetics *dynam- small molecule, highly solubule in water and moderately soluble in fat/ easily absorbed through gastrointestinal tract ** acts as an anatagonist for acetylcholine/ acts an an agonist for GABA/ increases the release of dopamine Glutamate receptors- major excitory neurotransmitter Antagonisitic action- suppression of glutaminergic neurotransmission Compensatory up- regulation of receptors When alcohol removed- excess of excitatory activity in the system **Cokinetics--Absorption- 20% directly from stomach, 80% through the upper portio of small intestines Distribution- easily distributed to all bodily tissues due to high water solubility, easily passes BBB 90% reaches brain immediately ****Metabolism- 1) two basic steps 1. alcohol dehydrogenase breaks it into acetaldehyde 2. 2. Alcohol metabolized at a constant rat (1 drink/hour) rate depends on the amount of enzymes available)*** Elimination- 5% by the lungs 95% in the urine after metabolism Acute and chronic effects of use Blackouts, impaired driving skills, increased tendency toward violence and aggression, sex and sexual desire affected (subjective arousal increases, objective arousal decreases)Increased heat loss, swollen fingers and limbs, dehydration, increased likelihood of cardiac arrest, reduction in REM sleep, risk of toxicity to fetus dring pregnancy, adverse
interactions with others, hangover CHRONIC: tolerance, withdrawal, liver disease, cardiovascular problems, cancer, dementia, cog. Decline. **LOOK AT SLIDES!** Withdrawal symptoms Alcohol withdrawal syndrome -insomnia, hand tremors/shaking, anziety, nausea and vomiting, increased heart rate and blood pressure, physical agitation, grand mal seizures, 6-48 hours after the last drink. Delirium - extreme disorientation, profuse sweating, fever, nightmares, frightening hallucination Blood alcohol content- number of grams of alcohol in blood relative to 100 mililiters of blood, expressed as a percentage. Potential health benefits of alcohol consumption *increased HDL cholesterol, reduces risk of diabetes mellitus, reduces risk of stroke, reduces risk of dementia
Responsible Drinking know how much, choose beer or wine over liquor, drink slowly, don't cluster your drinking, eat, never alone, never drive! Binge Drinking 5/4 criterion (men/ women) extended bout of drinking or other substance use (often lasting at least two days) and neglects other activities in order to engage in this behavior. Major features of alcoholism Preoccupation with drinking Emotional problems Vocational, social, and family problems Physical problems Denial
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Alcohol and the family Co-dependency- a relationship in which addicted or non-addicted members are enmeshed and overinvlved in the life of a person with an alcohol problem. 4 features: 1. over-involvement with the alcoholic 2. obsessive attempts to control the alcohol behavior 3. a strong reliance upon external sources of self-worth 4. an attempt to make personal sacrifice and effort to improve the alcoholic's condition Enabling- denial or making up excuses for drinking Organizations for victims of alcoholics: children are 2-4 times as likely to become alcoholics Genetics of alcoholism Type 1- developed problem drinking later in life/ generally function well in society/stron environmental factor
Type 2- developed problem drinking before age 25/ generally function poorly in society/ strong genetic factor Adoption studies: larger percent of adopted children with alcoholic biological parents/ same tendency even if adopted as newborns Twin studies: concordance rate among indentical twins 58% Treatment both biological and psychosocial Biological 1. Aversion-antabuse: inhibits alcohol/ dehydrogenase- acetaldehyde builds up bloodstream, should be taen orally onces a day , drug induces aversive reaction, research not effective in the long run and treatment 2. craving reduction-revia, revex 3. alternation of serotonin level- zofran Psychosocial 1.Self help groups -alcoholics anonymous (AA) total abstinence - moderation management (MM) controlled drinking 2, Psychotherapy -Group therapy:smart recovery (REBT) General process groups (transactional analysis) Psychoeducation -Family therapy VIDEO Alcoholism in America
Prevention & Treatment (Chapter 17 & 18) Preventable deaths from alcohol and drug use Levels of intervention Types of prevention that do and do not work Resilience, Impactors, hitting Bottom Community based intervention/prevention programs Family based intervention/prevention programs College based intervention/prevention programs Triple Threat Goals of Treatment Prochaska's Stages of Change Family roles in substance problems Enabling behaviors in the family Treatment program options