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and Corporations Real Property I describe landscapes through the lens of landownership How space is organized How behavior is organized The visible effects of certain behaviors How those entities with the right to use land exercise those rights to produce goods and provide services and thus create landscapes Organization of Space Jurisdictions The picture is complex United States Minnesota Dakota County Sunfish Lake Only deal with the land surface and with horizontal space What about vertical space? Private Real Property What about time? Legally described portion of Dakota County located in Sunfish Lake Regulation of Behavior Regulated by law of jurisdictions United States Minnesota Dakota County Sunfish Lake Variety of coercive methods incentives and penalties for certain types of behavior "Regulated" by personal choices Corporations Real estate company Maintenance - Builder/remodeler, painter, electrician, plumber Utilities Bundled telecommunications, electric/gas, water Waste Retail companies furniture food clothing durable goods consumer goods Banking and other financial services insurance, mortgage, financial Investment Corporations Individual Investors Individual Consumers Corporate Investors Corporate Producers 1995 2006 CHANGES IN TIMBERLAND OWNERSHIP Real Estate Companies - Establishments primarily engaged in renting, buying, selling, managing, and appraising real estate for others Agents, real estate Appraisers, real estate Brokers of manufactured homes, on site Brokers, real estate Buying agents, real estate Cemetery management service Condominium managers Cooperative apartment manager Escrow agents, real estate Fiduciaries, real estate Edina Realty Inc Coldwell Banker Century21 ReMax Exit Realty Housing authorities Listing service Managers Multiple listing services Real estate auctions Rental agents Selling agents Time-share sales, leasing, and rentals SIC. Major Group 65: Real Estate Real estate operators, and owners and lessors of real property, buyers, sellers, developers, agents, and brokers Industry Group 653: Real Estate Industry Group 651: Real Estate Agents And Managers Operators (except Developers) And 6531 Lessors Real Estate Agents and Managers 6512 Industry Group 654: Title Abstract Operators of Nonresidential Buildings Offices 6513 6541 Title Abstract Offices Operators or Apartment Buildings Industry Group 655: Land 6514 Subdividers And Developers Operators of Dwellings Other Than Apartment Buildings 6552 6515 Land Subdividers and Developers, Except C Operators of Residential Mobile Home Sites 6553 6517 Lessors of Railroad Property engaged in the construction of Establishments primarily Cemetery Subdividers and Developers 6519 Lessors of Realfor sale (operative builders) are classified in buildings Property, Other Industry 1531 Industry Group 651 6512 Operators of Nonresidential Buildings Establishments primarily engaged in the operation of nonresidential buildings. Bank buildings Insurance buildings Lessors of piers, docks, and associated buildings and facilities Commercial and industrial buildings Operators of nonresidential buildings Retail establishments Shopping centers Theater buildings Industry Group 651 6513 Operators or Apartment Buildings Establishments primarily engaged in operating apartment buildings (containing five or more housing units) This industry does not include hotels, rooming and boarding houses, camps, and other lodging places for transients which are classified in Services, Major Group 70 apartment buildings apartment hotels residential hotels retirement hotels 1531 Operative Builders Establishments primarily engaged in the construction of buildings for sale (operative builders) are classified in Construction, Industry 1531 Builders primarily engaged in the construction of single-family houses and other buildings for sale on their own account rather than as contractors. Condominium developers on own account Cooperative apartment developers on own account Operative builders on own account Speculative builders Establishments primarily engaged in constructing and/or renovating buildings for lease or rental on their own account are classified in Real Estate, Industry Group 651 Wells Fargo Banking Loans & Credit Insurance Investing Standard Industrial Classification Subject Classification for all corporations in the United States Division H: Finance, Insurance, And Real Estate Finance includes depository institutions, non-depository credit institutions, holding (but not predominantly operating) companies, other investment companies, brokers and dealers in securities and commodity contracts, and security and commodity exchanges Insurance covers carriers of all types of insurance, and insurance agents and brokers Real estate includes owners, lessors, lessees, buyers, sellers, agents, and developers of real estate Corporations (Wikipedia) A corporation is a legal entity determined by the law of the state in which the business is incorporated Composed of individual owners but exists separately from them stockholders - stock holders own a part of the company that issues the stock bondholder - bond holders loan the company money Employs individuals and produces good or provides services Corporate law which tries to balance the interests of the shareholders who invest capital and the employees who contribute labor - ? liability issues Recognized by law to have rights and responsibilities like actual people May be responsible for human rights violations - be convicted of criminal offences, such as fraud and manslaughter "Born" into existence through its members obtaining a certificate of A corporation is legally a citizen of the state in which it is incorporated Corporate business law differs from state to state, and many prospective corporations choose to incorporate in a state whose laws are most favorable to its business interests Many large corporations are incorporated in Delaware without being physically located there because that state has very favorable corporate tax and disclosure laws Public Corporations Joint stock company - a business partnership in which capital is collected from the individual contributions of shareholders, each of which is given certificates of ownership (stocks) in return The shareholders are free to transfer their ownership interest at any time by selling their stockholding to others Ownership of stock confers a number of privileges The company is managed on behalf of the shareholders by an elected Board of Directors unusual for shareholder to be on board Hold annual general meeting, produce an annual report, are audited yearly Shareholders share in the company's net profit also called a divided calculated as net profit divided by the total number of owned shares (Individual share of the profit is the dividend multiplied by the number of shares owned) Stock corporations sell stock to generate capital Most are generally for-profit Publicly traded corporation, the shares of which are traded on a public stock exchange (the New York Stock Exchange or NASDAQ in the United States where shares of stock of corporations are bought and sold by and to the general public Most of the largest businesses in the world are publicly traded corporations Non-stock corporations is a corporation without stockholders but many have members - functional equivalent of stockholders Most are not-for-profit Tax-exempt non-profit corporations are often called "501(c)3 corporation", after the section of the Internal Revenue Code that addresses their tax status A mutual benefit nonprofit corporation is a corporation formed in the Other corporate entities (Wikipedia) Consumers' cooperative Limited company Limited liability company Limited liability limited partnership Limited liability partnership Limited partnership Low-profit limited liability company Not-for-profit corporation Partnership Sole proprietorship Trust company, Trust law Minnesota Business Corporation Act (Minnesota Statutes 302A) Corporations, Business Organizations, and (LawMoose) Importance of Corporations (ActionPA.org) CorpWatch.org Corporations (Anup Shar) The federal government can only create corporate entities pursuant to relevant powers in the U.S. Constitution Congress has constitutional power to regulate banking, so it has power to charter federal banks Government Corporations (GAO) A corporate entity established by Congress in which the government holds all equity Most listed in the Government Corporation Control Act (1945) The Act does not serve as a general incorporation law; each of these corporations have their own enabling legislation that stipulates its powers Commodity Credit Corporation Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) Pension Benefit Guarantee Corporation Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) The Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation US Postal Service Fannie Mae Federal Policy in part Federal Statutes 15 USC Commerce & Trade (Cornell University) 12 USC Banks & Banking (Cornell University) 29 USC Internal Revenue Code (Cornell University) US Department of Labor Occupational Health & Safety US Department of Commerce International Trade Administration Federal Trade Commission Federal Regulation 12 CFR Banks & Banking Uniform Commercial Code law 13 CFR Business Credit & Assistance governing commercial transactions 16 CFR Commercial Practices 17 CFR Commodities & Security Exchange Public Companies Public corporations those owned by the public, whose stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange or other exchanges Any company that files a Form S-1 with the Securities and Exchange Commission and (SEC) raises money from the public A public company needs to file reports a public company with 300 or more shareholders as defined in the 1933 Securities Act can elect to become a reporting company a public company with 500 or more public shareholders or a company with some public shareholders and assets of $5 million dollars must become a reporting company May incorporate in any state Minnesota Statutes Minnesota Department of Commerce Securities & Exchange Commission The mission of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission is to protect investors, maintain fair, orderly, and efficient markets, and facilitate capital formation Statutes and rules that govern the securities industry in the United States derive from a simple and straightforward concept All investors, whether large institutions or private individuals, should have access to certain basic facts about an investment prior to buying it, and so long as they hold it Statutes that govern the securities industry 17 CFR Securities and Exchange Commission Securities Law (FindLaw) SECLaw.com (The Securities Law Blog) Private Corporations Companies which are privately owned Capital raised via private funds Does not need to meet the strict Securities and Exchange Commission filing requirements of public companies US largest private companies (Forbes.com) Finding out about private companies (Chris Roush, UNC) Often family owned Cargill, Carlson Companies, Dairy Queen, Anderson Windows Political, religious, environmental, and charitable purposes Nonprofit Organizations The 200 largest U.S. Charities (Forbes Magazine) A guide to environmental nonprofits (MotherJones) Environmental Law Institute Environmental Defense Fund Natural Resources Defense Council Land Trust Alliance A Guide to Minnesota's charity laws (MN Dept of Agriculture) Council of Minnesota Nonprofits Minnesota Largest Nonprofits (Star Tribune) Tax for Nonprofits (Internal Revenue Service) Municipal corporation (Wikipedia) Minnesota Statutes Minneapolis Division H: Finance, Insurance, And Real Estate Major Group 60: Depository Institutions Major Group 61: Non-depository Credit Institutions Major Group 62: Security And Commodity Brokers, Dealers, Exchanges, And Major Group 63: Insurance Carriers Major Group 64: Insurance Agents, Brokers, And Service Major Group 65: Real Estate Major Group 67: Holding And Other Investment Offices Major Group 60: Depository Institutions institutions engaged in deposit banking or closely related functions, including fiduciary activities Industry Group 601 - Central Reserve Depository Institutions Industry Group 606: Credit Unions 6011 Federal Reserve Banks 6061 Credit Unions, Federally Chartered 6019 Other 6062 Other Credit Unions Central Reserve Depository Institutions Industry Group 608: Foreign Banking Industry Group 602 - Commercial 6081 Banks Branches and Agencies of Foreign Banks 6021 National Commercial Banks 6082 6022 State Commercial Banks Foreign Trade and International Banking Institu 6029 Other Commercial Banks Industry Group 609: Functions Related To Industry Group 603 - Savings Depository Banking Institutions 6091 Non-deposit Trust Facilities 6035 6099 Savings Institutions, Federally Chartered functions Related to Depository Banking Other 6036 Other Savings Institutions Major Group 61: Non-depository Credit Institutions - establishments engaged in extending credit in the form of loans Industry Group 611 - Federal And Federally-sponsored Credit Agencies 6111 Federal and Federally-Sponsored Credit Agencies Industry Group 614 Personal Credit Institutions 6141 Personal Credit Institutions Industry Group 615 - Business Credit Institutions 6153 Short-Term Business Credit Institutions, Except Agricultural 6159 Miscellaneous business Credit Institutions Industry Group 616 - Mortgage Bankers And Brokers 6162 Mortgage Bankers and Loan Correspondents 6163 Loan Brokers Major Group 62: Security And Commodity Brokers, Deal Establishments engaged in underwriting, purchasing, selling, or brokering securities and other financial contracts on their own account or for others; and exchanges, exchange clearinghouses, and other services allied with the exchange of securities and commodities Industry Group 621 - Security Brokers, Dealers, And Flotation 6211 Security Brokers, Dealers, and Flotation Companies Industry Group 622 - Commodity Contracts Brokers And Dealers 6221 Commodity Contracts Brokers and Dealers Industry Group 623 - Security And Commodity Exchanges 6231 Security and Commodity Exchanges Industry Group 628 - Services Allied With The Exchange Of Securities 6282 Investment Advice 6289 Services Allied With the Exchange of Securities or Commodities, Not Else Major Group 63: Insurance Carriers - carriers of insurance of all types, including reinsurance Industry Group 631 - Life Insurance 6311 Life Insurance Industry Group 632 - Accident And Industry Group 636 - Title Insurance Health Insurance And Medical 6361 Title Insurance 6321 Industry Group 637 - Pension, Accident and Health Insurance Health, And Welfare Funds 6324 6371 Hospital and Medical Service Plans Pension, Health, and Welfare Funds Industry Group 633 - Fire, Marine, Industry Group 639 - Other And Casualty Insurance Insurance Carriers 6331 6399 Other Insurance Carriers Fire, Marine, and Casualty Insurance Industry Group 635 - Surety Agents and brokers dealing in insurance and organizations Insurance 6351 rendering services to insurance carriers or to policy holders Surety Insurance are classified in Major Group 64 Major Group 64: Insurance Agents, Brokers, And Service Includes agents and brokers dealing in insurance, and also organizations offering services to insurance companies and to policy holders Industry Group 641 - Insurance Agents, Brokers, And Service 6411 Insurance Agents, Brokers, and Service Major Group 67: Holding And Other Investment Offices Investment trusts, investment companies, holding companies, and miscellaneous investment offices Industry Group 671 - Holding Offices 6712 Offices of Bank Holding Companies Industry Group 679: Miscellaneous 6719 Investing Offices of Holding Companies, Not Elsewhere Classified 6792 Oil Royalty Traders 6794 Patent Owners and Lessors Industry Group 672: Investment 6798 Offices Real Estate Investment Trusts 6722 6799 Management Investment Offices, Open-End Investors, Not Elsewhere Classified 6726 Unit Investment Trusts, Face-Amount Certificate Offices, and Closed-End Manageme Industry Group 673: Trusts 6732 Educational, Religious, and Charitable Trus 6733 Trusts, Except Educational, Religious, and C 6798 Real Estate Investment Trusts Establishments primarily engaged in closed-end investments in real estate or related mortgage assets operating so that they could meet the requirements of the Real Estate Investment Trust Act of 1960 as amended This act exempts trusts from corporate income and capital gains taxation, provided they invest primarily in specified assets, pay out most of their income to shareholders, and meet certain requirements regarding the dispersion of trust ownership Mortgage investment trusts Mortgage trusts Real estate investment trusts (REIT'S) Realty investment trusts REITs A security that sells like a stock on the major exchanges and invests in real estate REITs receive special tax considerations and typically offer investors high yields Equity REITs invest in and own properties and derive revenue from rent Mortgage REITs invest in and own mortgages - loan money to owners of real estate or purchase existing mortgages or mortgage-backed securities- and derive revenue from the interest on the mortgage Hybrid REITs combine the investment strategies of equity REITs and mortgage REITs by investing in both properties and mortgages Investopedia Public REITs in United States (Wikipedia) Timber Investment Companies - Timber Investment Management Organizations An Introduction to Timberland Investing (Lyme Timber Co) Institutional Ownership of Timber (George Draffen) A Survey of TIMOs (Forest Service) Institutional Timberland Investment (Yale University) Hancock Timber Resources Group RMK Timberland Group Timberland Investment Resources (private) The Lyme Timber Company (private) TIMOs and REITs (.docstoc) Timber Investment Companies - Real Estate Investment Trusts Timber (SmartMoney 2001) REITs Spread to Timber Industry (Wall Street Journal Nov 2005) Wells Timberland REIT Plum Creek Potlatch Pact Will Form First Publicly Traded Timberland REIT (Memphis Business Journal) Timberland: Wealth Emerges From the Forest (Wealth Management Exchange, May 2008) RMK and Nature Conservancy in the Adirondacks (Timberland Blog) Pensions Pension Funds defined benefit (Minnesota State) or defined contributions (university of Minnesota) Individual Retirement Arrangement (or IRA) (Wikipedia) Retirement Plans, Benefits & Savings (U.S. Dept of Labor) The benefits in most traditional defined benefit plans are protected, within certain limitations, by federal insurance provided through the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC). Large Pools of Money Pensions Minnesota Teachers Retirement Association $18billion Minneapolis teachers pension fund in a deep financial hole (MPR) Minnesota State Retirement System Insurance Premiums TIAA CREF WIkipedia Fidelity Investments University of Minnesota Office of Banking and Investment Underutilized Databases Corporate Reports Particular corporation - Target Bond Rating Firm Moody's, Standard & Poor's Investment Advice Newspapers, Journals Industry Reports Standard & Poor's NetAdvantage LexisNexis Academic

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