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23 Pages
Ch14
Course: C 600, Fall 2009School: N.C. A&T
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Word Count: 2178
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Systems Chapter Internet 14. Dynamic HTML: Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) CSS lets you separate structure from content. Inline Styles The STYLE attribute specifies a style for an element. Each CSS property is followed by a `:' then the value of the attribute. Multiple property specifications are separated by `;'s. <P STYLE = "font-size: 16 pt; font-family: Arial"> XXX...
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Systems
Chapter Internet 14. Dynamic HTML: Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)
CSS lets you separate structure from content.
Inline Styles
The STYLE attribute specifies a style for an element. Each CSS property is followed by a `:' then the value of the attribute. Multiple property specifications are separated by `;'s.
<P STYLE = "font-size: 16 pt; font-family: Arial"> XXX </P> <P STYLE = "font-size: 10 pt; font-family: Courier"> YYY </P>
XXX
YYY
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Creating Style Sheets: The STYLE Element
Styles placed in a STYLE sheet (appearing in the header section) apply to the entire document. The body of a style sheet declares the CSS rules for the style sheet. A rule begins with a specification of the element(s) or class to which it applies. A style class declaration (preceded by a `.') is applied only to elements of that class. Each rule body is enclosed in {...} and has the format property : value ; ... ; property : value
<STYLE TYPE = "text/css"> EM H1 P </STYLE> { text-decoration: none; font-family: Courier } { font-family: Arial, sans-serif } { font-size: 18pt }
.under { text-decoration: underline }
Some MIME types (for specifying the format of content): text/css (regular text) text/html image/gif text/javascript
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Several properties: color: the color of text in that element background-color font-family: the font for the display
Here the second value (sans-serif) is a generic font family: If the Arial font isn't found, something in this family is used.
font-size: the size to render the font Besides npt, you can use relative values:
xx-small, x-small, smaller, small, medium, large, larger, x-large, xx-large
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Internet Systems
Applying a Style Class
We can apply a style class in an element using the CLASS attribute. The text in the element then has the properties of both the element and the style class. <H1 CLASS = "under"> XXX </H1> XXX
Styles applied to a parent element also apply to its children elements.
Conflicts are resolved in favor of the children (more specific). <P CLASS = "under"> CCC <EM> XXX </EM> CCC </P>
CCC XXX CCC
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Internet Systems
Consider (in a header) <STYLE TYPE = "text/css"> A.nodec { text-decoration: none } This applies the text-decoration property to all A elements with nodec CLASS attribute. The default rendering of an A element is underline. Possible values for the text-decoration property: none, underline, overline, line-through, blink .nodec is an extension of class styles - this applies to A elements with CLASS = "nodec". Continuing with the example: A:hover { text-decoration: underline; color: red; background-color: #CCFFCC } Here hover is a pseudo-class activated when the mouse cursor moves over an A element. - A pseudo-class gives access to content not declared in the document.
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Continuing: LI EM{ color: red; font-weight: bold }
declares a style for all EM elements that are children of LI elements.
To apply a rule to multiple elements, separate the elements with commas: LI, EM { ... } Continuing: UL UL{ text-decoration: underline; margin-left: 15px } specifies that nested lists (UL elements that are children of UL elements) are underlined with 15-pixel left margin. For nested lists, this overrides any rule for UL alone. Relative-length measures: px em - the size of the font (e.g., fontsize: 1.5em displays text at 150% normal size) ex - the height of a lowercase x % - percent of the screen in the relevant dimension Absolute-length measures: in cm mm pt (points, 1 pt = 1/72 in) pc (picas, 1 pc = 12 pt)
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Internet Systems
Linking External Style Sheets
With external linking, separate pages can use the same style sheet. A LINK element (in the header section) specifies a relationship between the current document and another document using the REL attribute. For example, suppose we have a style sheet with name mystyles.css. Then the following declares the linked document with this URL to be a stylesheet (and the MIME type to be text/css): <LINK REL = "stylesheet" TYPE = "text/css" HREF = "mystyles.css">
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Example
<HTML> <HEAD> <TITLE>Linking documents</TITLE> <LINK REL = "stylesheet" TYPE = "text/css" HREF = "mystyles.css"> </HEAD> <BODY> <H1>This is a header.</H> <P CLASS = "blue">This is some text.</P> </BODY> </HTML>
File mystyles.css is:
EM { background-color: #8000FF; color: white } { font-family: Arial, sans-serif } { font-size: 18pt }
H1 P
.blue { color: blue }
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Internet Systems
Positioning Elements
CSS introduces the position property and the absolute positioning capability. Specifying an element's position property as absolute positions the element according to the distance from the top, left, right, or bottom margins of the present element. For example, using inline styles, <IMG SRC = "ellipse.bmp" STYLE = "position: absolute; top: 50px; left: 50px"> positions the ellipse.bmp IMG element 50 pixels from the top margin and 50 pixels from the left margin of its parent. The z-index attribute is for layering overlapping elements. Elements with higher z-index values are displayed in front of those with lower values. If z-index isn't specified, elements occurring later in the document are displayed in front of those occurring earlier.
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Internet Systems
Example
<HTML> <HEAD> <TITLE>Absolute positioning</TITLE> </HEAD> <BODY> <IMG SRC = "rectangle.bmp" STYLE = "position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; z-index: 1"> <IMG SRC = "ellipse.bmp" STYLE = "position: absolute; top: 50px; left: 50px; z-index: 2"> <H1 STYLE = "position: absolute; top: 200px; left: 200px; z-index: 3"> Some text </H1> </BODY> </HTML>
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The rendering is:
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A DIV or SPAN element is a generic grouping element, applying no inherent formatting to its contents. It's mainly used to apply styles or an ID attribute (for referencing the element) to a block of text. A DIV element is displayed on its own line (it's a block-level element). A SPAN element is inlined (it's an inline element). Relative positioning (the value relative for the position property) keeps elements in their relative positions in the page, but offsets them relative to their normal positions. Properties top, bottom, left, and right are used for specifying offsets. For example, the following class rule specifies that elements of class super be shifted up the height of one lowercase .super x: { position: relative; top: -1ex }
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Example
<HTML> <HEAD> <TITLE>Relative positioning</TITLE> <STYLE TYPE = "text/css"> DIV { font-size: 4em } SPAN { font-size: 0.7em } .super { position: relative; top: -1ex } </STYLE> </HEAD> <BODY> <DIV>XXX <SPAN CLASS = "super">CCC</SPAN>XXX</DIV> </BODY> </HTML>
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Backgrounds
We've already seen the background-color property. For a background image, the background-image property specifies the URL of the image. Enclose the file name (and whatever else is needed) in url(...), not in "...". Include background-color to use in case the image isn't found. The background-position property positions the image on the page. Keywords top, bottom, center, left, and right are used individually or in combination e.g., background-position: bottom right You can use offsets, horizontal then vertical e.g., background-position: 50% 30px (at 50% across the page, 30 pixels from the top). The background-repeat property controls the tiling of the background image. Possible values: no-repeat repeat (default): tile vertically and horizontally repeat-x: tile horizontally only repeat-y: tile vertically only Possible values for the background-attachment property: fixed: fixes the image in the position specified by backgrounposition scrolling the window doesn't move the image. Scroll (default): moves the image as the user scrolls.
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Example:
<HTML> <HEAD> <TITLE>Using Backgrounds</TITLE> <STYLE TYPE = "text/css"> BODY { background-image: url(bmex.bmp); background-color: yellow } </STYLE> </HEAD> <BODY> <FONT SIZE = 24> <PRE> Square in Ellipse.
Square in Ellipse.
Square in Ellipse. </PRE> </FONT> </BODY> </HTML>
Square in Ellipse.
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Internet Systems
Element Dimensions
We can set the dimensions of each element on the page. (We use inline style examples here.) Examples: <DIV STYLE = "width: 30%; text-align: center"> This has the element occupy the left 30% of the screen and centers the text within this area. <P STYLE = "width: 30%; height: 30%; overflow: scroll"> This has the element occupy the left 30% of the screen within the next 30% of the vertical dimension of the screen. Since the element is restricted in both dimensions, the content may not fit in the specified area. Setting the overflow property to scroll adds a scroll bar if the text won't fit. The default is to make the element large enough to hold the content.
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Example:
<BODY> <DIV STYLE = "width: 30%; text-align: center"> Here is some text with width thirty percent and center alignment. There is no constraint on its height. It is within a DIV element. </DIV> <P STYLE = "width: 30%; height: 30%; overflow: scroll"> Here is some text with width thirty percent and height thirty percent. No alignment is specified. It is within a P element. </P> </BODY>
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Internet Systems
Text Flow and the Box Model
With absolute positioning, we can override the normal flow of text. Floating lets us move an element to one side of the screen. Other content flows around the floated element. Each block-level element (e.g., DIV, P, H1, but not, e.g., EM, STRONG, SPAN) has a box model. Padding Border Margin Properties margin and padding control the sizes of, respectively, the margin and the padding. Example: <DIV STYLE = "float: right; margin: 1.5em; padding: 0.5em"> ... </DIV> This floats a DIV element to the right. The text from following (unfloated) lines flows to the left of the text and below it. Margins for individual sides are specified with margin-top, margin-right, margin-left, margin-bottom Padding for individual sides is specified with padding-top, padding-right, paddingbottom padding-left,
Content
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Internet Systems
Some of the many properties fo...
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