Culture
NORTH Hopewell AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY LECTURE 14
Hopewell Culture
The Middle Woodland Period (200 BC to AD 500) Agricultural Society (low level food production) Developed out of the local Adena Phenomenon in the Ohio Valley Consists of a remarkable cultural assemblage
AMES
Hopewell Middle Woodland
Small hamlets or farmsteads occupied for hundreds of years Dispersed hamlets located around mound complexes Found in two major areas Ohio and Illinois
Mound Sites
Large geometric earthworks
Several feet high, enclosing dozens of acres Floodplains and uplands
Burial mounds
Sub-mound mortuary structures Exotic trade items
Hopewell Agriculture
Agriculture Chenopod Squash Maygrass Iva annua Bottle gourd Sunflower Maize (corn) ? Very low levels, ritual contexts
Middle Woodland Hamlets
Brown's Bottom Site, Ohio
Hopewell/Middle Woodland period Hamlet
Structural remains (at least 2) Storage pits Earth ovens Domesticated plant remains Dog burials Exotic materials
Ear Spools
Hopewell Site
Mound 2. The Hopewell Site
Human Femurs from the Hopewell Site
Seip Mound
Newark Earthworks
Geometric earthworks Covers several square miles Mounds as high as 15 feet tall
Turner Mound
DNA ANALYSIS of Hopewell
Two Studies
Illinois Ohio
Ohio Hopewell mtDNA study Lisa Mills 2003 (OSU)
Migration and Social Structure Among the Hopewell Bolnick and Smith October 2007 Hopewell Site, Ohio and Klunk Site, Illinois Human remains compared on the DNA level They examine mortuary practices and migration scenarios
Haplotypes
mtDNA mitochondrial DNA
Mitochondria cell powerhouses Inherited only along female line Argued to be relatively stable
Genetic Relationships
With China, Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Mongolia, Russia and South America. Ohio Hopewell also display mutations that are uniquely their own, haplotype A 16166, haplotype B 16247and 16265
The Ohio Hopewell also share a unique mutation with the ELITE Cahokians of 72Sub2 Mound ,
Ohio Hopewell do not group with samples from Ohio Fort Ancient (Mississipppian) population but with samples from Glacial Kame, Adena or Norris Farms Suggest only one wave of initial migration into the Americas
Migration and Social Structure the Among Hopewell Bolnick and Smith October 2007 Hopewell Site, Ohio and Klunk Site, Illinois Human remains compared on the DNA level They examine mortuary practices and migration scenarios
Haplotypes
mtDNA mitochondrial DNA
Mitochondria cell powerhouses Inherited only along female line Argued to be relatively stable
Haplogroups
A -9 B- 5 C- 19 D- 5 X- 1
Statistically valid to 92% of total population
First Direct Assessment of Hopewell Communities
Intra Community interactions
Inter-community interactions
Intra-Community Interactions
Klunk Mounds 5 and 6
Mound 5
Mound 6
Intra Community Interactions
Spatial Distribution of burials
Not matrilineal kin groups Kinship did not greatly influence burial practices Patrilineal kin groups cannot be ruled out
No grave type associated with particular genetic group Social Position- Heredity or non-inherited?
Intra-Community Characteristics
Not Inherited!
Achieved social status indicated
Inter-Community Interaction
Males exhibit higher degree of genetic variability than females. Females have greater morphological variability What does this mean?
Inter Community Interactions
In matrilocal communities, close lineages, share mtDNA Matrilocal lineages morphological variation is often greater in males
Inter-Community Interactions
Patrilocal ...