Biosci 111 Study Guide Test III. This study guide is not an exhaustive list of every topic covered. It should be used in conjunction with - not a substitute for - the book and lecture notes. Chapters 4 and 14 Be able to draw a generic deoxyribonucleotide and ribonucleotide Know pyrimidine vs. purine What are the ways in which RNA and DNA differ? How do nucleotides polymerize? How does this affect DNA replication? Why is DNA said to have directionality (i.e. a 3' and 5' end)? What contributions did Watson and Crick make to solve the structure of DNA? What is meant by stating DNA is &quot;antiparallel&quot;? Know the experiments done by: Griffith; Avery, MacLeod and McCarty; Hershey and Chase; Meselson and Stahl. What questions were they asking, what experimental procedure did they use to answer these questions, and what was the outcome of the experiments? 9. What is needed in order for DNA to be replicated? 10. Know the names and functions of the enzymes involved in DNA replication. 11. Why does DNA require a primer in order for replication to occur? 12. How is replication of the leading strand different from replication of the lagging strand? Why can't both strands be replicated in the same way? 13. What is a telomere? What is telomerase? Is telomerase active in every cell in the body? Why or why not? 14. In detail, how does the cell prevent telomere shortening? Besides telomerase, which enzymes are needed for this to occur? 15. Know each of the three types of DNA repair mechanisms. Be able to compare and contrast each with respect to the enzymes involved and the type of mistake that is repaired. Chapter 15 1. What is meant by the &quot;One-gene one-enzyme&quot; hypothesis, and how was it tested? 2. What is a knockout mutation, and how can it be used to determine what a protein does? 3. How was it found that DNA does not directly code for protein, but is directly involved in RNA synthesis? What was a major clue that an RNA intermediate was necessary? 4. How did Crick find that three nucleotides coded for a <a href="/keyword/single-amino-acid/" >single amino acid</a> ? 5. How was the &quot;DNA code&quot; cracked? (How did they find out which sequence of three nucleotides coded for which amino acid?) 6. Does every codon code for a unique amino acid? Does every codon code for an amino acid? 7. What is the <a href="/keyword/central-dogma/" >central dogma</a> ? Which of these defines a genotype? A phenotype? What are the exceptions to the <a href="/keyword/central-dogma/" >central dogma</a> ? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Chapter 16 1. Know the requirements for transcription to happen. - i.e. RNA polymerase, template strand, NTPs, etc. - How is RNA structurally different from DNA? (2 ways) 2. What is a <a href="/keyword/phosphodiester-bond/" >phosphodiester bond</a> ? How do they form? 3. Know the three stages of transcription - What happens in each stage? 4. How do prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ in the stages of transcription? -Know which RNA polymerase transcribes which RNA in eukarytoes 5. What happens to the RNA after transcription in eukaryotes? Prokaryotes? 6. What is RNA splicing? What's involved? 7. What other RNA processing events take place in eukaryotes? 8. Where does each process in the <a href="/keyword/central-dogma/" >central dogma</a> occur in prokaryotes? Eukaryotes? 9. Know the following codons: - AUG = start = Methionine (Met) - 3 <a href="/keyword/stop-codon/" >stop codon</a> s - UAA = <a href="/keyword/stop-codon/" >stop codon</a> 10. What's the function of amino-acyl synthetase? -Describe how ATP, anti-codons, tRNA and amino acids are involved 11. Know the 3 sites in a ribosome and what the tRNA &quot;holds&quot; in each site - How is the ribosome a ribozyme? 12. Know the 3 stages of translation. -including: Met-initiator tRNA, small ribosomal subunit, GTP, release factors, peptide bond formation, etc. 13. Given a DNA sequence, be able to give the corresponding: - mRNA sequence - anti-codon - translated protein (you will be given the appropriate codon chart minus START and STOP) - Hint: Remember strand directionality is anti-parallel! 14. What are the 4 types of mutations that can occur in a protein? -What are their effects on the amino acid? On the protein?