TERMS
MIDTERM KEY #1
The Straits of Tiran Narrow sea passage 8 miles wide between the Sinai and Arabian peninsulas Separates the Gulf of Aqaba from the red sea Maintained free for navigation under the Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty Access to Jordan's only seaport of Aqaba Access to Israel's only seaport of Eilat in the Indian Ocean Egypt blocking the straits to Israeli ships was a catalyst to Six-Day War in 1967 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Strait_tiran_83.jpg http://www.answers.com/topic/straits-of-tiran Ariel Sharon 11th Israeli Prime Minister Formed the Kadima Party, came from Likud party Started out as a military leader after the creation of Israel Was a general in command of most powerful brigade in Six-Day War o *The Qibya raid (by Ariel Sharon, October 1953, killing 66) Unit 101 undertook a series of military raids against Palestinians and neighboring Arab states that helped bolster Israeli morale and fortify its deterrent image. The unit was known for targeting civilians, notably in the widely condemned Qibya massacre in the fall of 1953, in which 69 Palestinian civilians, some of them children, were killed by Sharon's troops in a reprisal attack on their West Bank village. (From Wikipedia, but explains the Qibya Massacre well) Economic Security Council Established under the Clinton administration Referenced under the National Security Council, Eisenhower Administration Basically it was the idea of adding economics to NSC (under Clinton) Secretary of Treasury and White House Economic Council added to NSC http://web.austin.utexas.edu/chenry/usme/classes/lec5.html Baghdad Pact Central Treaty Organization, or Middle East Treaty Organization 1955 to 1979, between Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey, and United Kingdom Modeled after NATO, committed each nation to mutual cooperation and non-intervention in each other's affairs Goal was to contain the soviet union During Eisenhower Administration "No region of the world received as much of my close attention as Mid East" Eisenhower doctrine was to defend Middle East against communism, without joining the Baghdad Pact http://web.austin.utexas.edu/chenry/usme/classes/lec5.html John Foster Dulles Eisenhower's Secretary of State from 1953-1959
Advocated aggressive stance against communism around the world Opposed Anglo-French invasion of the Suez Canal, Egypt (1956) Cut off financing for Egyptian Gamal Nasser's High Dam at Aswan Nasser retaliated by nationalizing the Suez Canal Eventually all of this lead to the agreement of keeping the Gulf of Aqaba open to sea transportation, after Eisenhower forced Israel and France/Britain away from the Suez Canal http://web.austin.utexas.edu/chenry/usme/classes/lec5.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles
Camp David Naval Support Facility Thurmont President's country residence, in Maryland, place to meet w/ foreign leaders Operated by the Navy and guarded by a Marine unit Camp David accords under Jimmy Carter, 1978 - Attempt for Arab-Israeli peace Camp David 2, July 2000 - Failed, leading to complete breakdown of Oslo Accords - Goal of Oslo was establishing Palestinian state on West Bank and Gaza http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/camp_david/ http://web.austin.utexas.edu/chenry/usme/classes/PowerGame2.5.htm Nixon Doctrine Richard M Nixon 1969-74: Nixon Doctrine - Nov. 3, 1969 (Guam but also Iran) He stated that the United States henceforth expected its allies to take care of their own military defense. The Doctrine argued for the pursuit of peace through a partnership with American allies. The doctrine was also applied by the Nixon administration in the Persian Gulf region, with military aid to Iran and Saudi Arabia, so that these U.S. allies could undertake the responsibility of ensuring peace and stability in the region. "Soft power"(Joe Nye) "Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics." [Soft power] is the ability to get what you want through attraction rather than coercion or payments. It arises from the attractiveness of a country's culture, political ideals, and policies. When our policies are seen as legitimate in the eyes of others, our soft power is enhanced. Nye's works on the soft power elements of international diplomacy have achieved great authoritative stature and are having an increasingly visible impact on U.S. foreign policy. Joseph Nye- (3 kinds of power) military, economic, and soft Soft power- persuasion, legitimacy, and moral example Soft power is needed for tackling many major problems, including WOT. Increasingly important with ever faster, deeper communications associated with globalization. Aswan High Dam Dam construction in southern Egypt that exploits the water of the Nile. The construction was started in 1960, and fully finished 10 years later. The Aswan High Dam became an expression of political tensions in those days -- financed by the help of the Soviet Union, a few years after the war inflicted upon Egypt by Israel, France
and Britain.
War Powers Resolution The War Powers Resolution of 1973 is a United States federal law providing that the President can send U.S. armed forces into action abroad only by authorization of Congress or if the United States is already under attack or serious threat. The War Powers Resolution requires that the president notify Congress within 48 hours of committing armed forces to military action and forbids armed forces from remaining for more than 60 days without an authorization of the use of military force or a declaration of war. The War Powers Resolution was passed by both the House of Representatives and Senate but was vetoed by President Richard Nixon. By a two-thirds vote in each house, Congress overrode the veto and enacted the joint resolution into law on November 7, 1973. Suez War of 1956 The first manifestation of this was the closing of the Suez Canal to Israeli shipping. On August 9, 1949, the UN Mixed Armistice Commission upheld Israel's complaint that Egypt was illegally blocking the canal. The attack followed Egypt's decision of 26 July 1956 to nationalize the Suez Canal after the withdrawal of an offer by Britain and the United States to fund the building of the Aswan Dam. Arab-Israeli Conflict October 1956- March 1957 Result: Egyptian political victory Coalition Military Victory United Nations cease-fire UNEF occupation of Sinai[1] Straits of Tiran re-opened to Israeli shipping Iron Triangle The policy making relationship between Congress, the beaucracy (governmental agencies), and interest groups. A common example is the triangle between the military and the defense agency. This is the relationship between Congress which has the House and Senate Committees on armed services, the defense contractors and the Department of Defense. Each section has its own interests and seeks to influence each other. The beaucratic agencies often use their constituents to create a more powerful base and as a result these interest groups demands are met. Golan Heights Mountainous region between Israel, Syria, Lebanon and Jordan. This area was controlled by Syria until Israel overtook it in the Six days War in 1967. In 1981 Israel annexed the state and is currently under Israeli control. When the USS Liberty was attacked by Israel "mistakenly" one of the reasons speculated for this attack was to keep the US in the dark about their intentions to invade the Golan region. Henry Kissinger Kissinger served as National Security Advisor and Secretary of State under President Richard
Nixon, and continued as Secretary of State under Nixon's successor Gerald Ford. In 1973 he helped negotiate an end to the Yom Kippur War in which Egypt and Syria attacked Israel. Israel regained the land that they had lost and then some east of Golan Heights. Kissinger urged Israel to give back some of the land to the Arab neighbors. This started the Israel Egypt peace relations which became official at the 1978 Camp David Accord under Carter.
Dissident Triangle According to Hedrick Smith the dissident triangle opens up the power game in the political arena. It is composed of the media, internal critics of federal agencies and allies in Congress. This triangle of power helps to keep more power for governmental decision making open to the public. An example would be a whistle blower in the Pentagon that calls out generals, defense contractors and members of congress who benefit from policy decisions by getting contracts or other benefits. Gaza Strip Strip of land in Israel controlled by the Palestinians under Hamas. Israel controlled the territory from 1967-2005. Most of it's residents are Palestinian refugees. In the most recent news, the Gaza strip was bombed heavily by Israel after Hamas fired rockets into Israel. Scranton Mission William Scranton was asked to be secretary of State by Nixon but he declined. He then became a special envoy to the middle east. Scranton made some remarks that Nixon should more "even handed" with his middle east policy. Some American Jews said he was anti-Semitic and Nixon then distanced himself from Scranton- Shows how criticizing Israel can be seen as anti-semitic by some. The "X" article, Foreign Affairs 1947 This article was written by George Keenan. It appeared in the July 1947 issue of Foreign Affairs under the pseudonym "X," entitled "The Sources of Soviet Conduct," The X article was a compilation of two other articles written about the U.S. foreign policy for the Soviet Union during the late 1940's. The X Article was a roadmap for Cold War policy for the general public. Keenan believed that the"United States policy toward the Soviet Union must be that of a longterm, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies." Many people perceived this to mean that the U.S. should try to globally contain the Soviet Union. It inspired the Truman Doctrine. George Kennan Kennan served as deputy head of the U.S. mission in Moscow from July 1944 to April 1946. He witnessed the true actions of the Soviet Union while in Moscow and he felt compelled to let Washington know. He wrote the "Long Telegram" telling Washington that he believed the Soviet Union saw capitalism as the enemy of socialism.
Keenan thought that Stalin would use means to implement his communist regime and try to convince the Soviet Union that the outside world was unstable and insecure. Keenan decided that the best way to fight this ideology was to strengthen capitalist Western ideologies. Keenan came to Washington and wrote articles convincing Truman to adopt his policy. Keenan's X article led Truman to create the Truman Doctrine.
David Ben-Gurion Considered one of the "founding fathers" of the modern state of Israel. Became first Prime Minister (PM) of Israel on 14 May 1948, and remained in that capacity, almost continuously, until 1963. He was in charge during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War from which Israel emerged as a power in the Middle East. Was also an influential member of Haganah, a pre-WWII Jewish paramilitary organization, which later formed the core of the Israel Defense Force (IDF). Urged Jews to join the British Army during WWII, and used the military contacts he made to smuggle more Jewish refugees into Palestine, despite the immigration restrictions of the British. Initially favored a peaceful partitioning of land between the Jews and the Palestinian Arabs, but, after WWII, suddenly changed his policy direction and became instrumental in effecting the expulsion of Arabs living within Jewish-controlled territory Greatly helped to develop the Israeli interior with electrification and road-building projects, as well as the National Water Carrier, which supplies water to much of southern/central Israel. Collaborated with the British and the French to bring about the 1956 Sinai War, which gave the two European nations cause to intervene in Egyptian President Nasser's attempts to seize the Suez Canal. Stepped down as PM in 1963, but continued to be active in politics for the remainder of his life, even forming two new political parties as his ideals drifted further apart from his original party, Mapai. George C. Marshall An American military leader, Chief of Staff of the Army, Secretary of State, and the third Secretary of Defense. Once noted as the "organizer of victory" by Winston Churchill for his leadership of the Allied victory in World War II. For our purposes, he is best known for the Marshall Plan, which defined his time as Secretary of State. The Plan, a.k.a. the European Recovery Program, called for economic aid to be given to whichever recovering, war-torn European nations were willing to participate, which the U.S.S.R. did not allow its satellite to do, and so contain the rising spread of communism. For his Plan, Marshall received the Nobel Prize for Peace, in 1953. Was strongly opposed to Truman's decision to officially recognize Israel. Lend Lease Act Name of the program under which the United States of America supplied the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, China, France and other Allied nations with vast amounts of war material, between 1941 and 1945, in return for, in the case of Britain, military bases in Newfoundland, Bermuda, and the British West Indies, and for others, a promise to repay the money in the future or return the leased property. A total of $50.1 billion (equivalent to nearly $700 billion today) worth of supplies were shipped:
$31.4 billion to Britain, $11.3 billion to the Soviet Union, $3.2 billion to France and $1.6 billion to China. The policy of Lend Lease was Roosevelt's way of getting the majority isolationist U.S. to help the Allied war effort. Repayment, known as "Reverse Lend Lease", comprised services, like rent on air bases, which went to the U.S., and favorable treatment of American interests in certain colonies of the lessee, such as the Mid East, which was an amalgamation of countless theologies, ethnicities, and long-standing, well-established traditions that, for the most part, were divided into English and French protectorates/colonies, comprised of territory taken from the broken and defeated Ottoman Empire after WWI. Repayment totaled $7.8 billion, of which $6.8 billion came from the British and the Commonwealth. Apart from the roughly $8 billion, compensation for, "lent", supplies never managed to arrive before the Lend Lease Act's termination date, the terms of the agreement providing for their return or destruction; of course, WWII was the most costly multinational clash to take place in the history of man, then and now, not only in the loss of life, but also the physical and mental deprivation of countless civilians, the destruction and theft of personal property and, most important, the loss of humanity between the combatants. It was no surprise that the borrowed equipment was not returned, the Roosevelt Administration knew full well the cost of war, and the U.S. has not pressured for reimbursement since.
Legislative Veto Congress had been gaining evermore veto power since 1932, when President H. Hoover agreed to a proposal made by representatives from the two houses, which gave the president the power to reorganize the executive branch to his liking, yet also included language that allowed Congress to veto his efforts, should they have disapproved of his methods. By the 1980s, Congress had expanded its veto power so much that, by writing veto provision after veto provision into new laws passed, they were able to veto the actions of federal agencies with the consent of merely one branch of Congress, thus, on top of their heretofore power to create and pass the laws, Congress played a very effective role in their execution, as well; the result was a dangerous combination of powers from both the legislative and the judicial branches of government, which threatened to undermine the very foundation of the Federal Republic: the separation of powers. The Supreme Court declared the practice of one-house vetoes unconstitutional in the decision of Immigration & Naturalization Service v. Chadha (1983), in which Congress tried to veto the INS' decision to allow a foreign student to remain in the country after the expiration of his visa, an act that violated the bicameral requirement (Art. 1, secs. 1 7), & and the Presentment Clause (Art. 1, sec. 7) of the U.S. Constitution, according to the Supreme Court's decision. Despite this landmark case, Congress and successive presidential administrations have crafted informal legislative understandings that require federal agencies to receive written consent from the Senate and the House before carrying out specified actions. Arms Export Control Act (AECA) of 1976 Passed by Gerald Ford, but only after he vetoed an earlier, stronger version of the bill. Gives the president the authority to control the import and export of defense articles, such as weapons and vehicles, and defense services, such as advisors, and training manuals that detail and describe U.S. tactics and countermeasures. AECA also places certain restrictions on American arms traders and manufacturers, prohibiting them from the sale of certain sensitive technologies to certain parties and requiring thorough documentation of such trades to trusted parties. AECA requires that governments in receipt of U.S. military aid use the weapons only for,
"legitimate", self-defense. Furthermore, consideration is given as to whether the exports, "would contribute to an arms race, aid in the development of weapons of mass destruction, support international terrorism, increase the possibility of outbreak or escalation of conflict, or prejudice the development of bilateral or multilateral arms control or nonproliferation agreements or other arrangements." AECA has been amended time and again over subsequent decades, the most important of which was added in the last administration: it handed the authority vested in the president (2007? Not entirely sure, though) to the secretary of state. In January 2009, Congressman Dennis Kucinich informed Secretary of State, Dr. Condoleezza Rice, that Israel's actions in Gaza since December 27th, 2008 may constitute a violation of the requirements of the Arms Export Control Act...yet we continue to support and supply the Israelis as we have for the past half-century.
Gulf of Aqaba Has been a catalyst for conflict between Israel and Egypt on more than one occasion. Important because Israel's only Indian Ocean port, Eliat, can only be accessed by traveling through the Straits of Tiran, which are dominated by Egypt, on one side, and Saudi Arabia, on the other: two states that were not overly concerned with the well-being of the Israeli Jews in the first decades after the creation of the Jewish state. An Egyptian blockade of the Straits, which stopped any ships from going in, or out, of Israel, provided the medium through which Israel justified its actions in the Suez Crisis of 1956, and again, eleven years later, in the Six-Day War. In both wars, one of Israel's main objectives was to capture the Sinai Peninsula and reopen the Straits of Tiran; the Israelis tried to retain Sinai as a buffer between themselves and the Egyptians, and were successful following their preemptive strike on Egypt and Syria, in which the victors received the Sinai Peninsula, the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and the Golan Heights. Sinai, the Straits of Tiran and, by extension, the Gulf of Aqaba, remained under Israeli control until 1982, when the last Jewish settlers returned to Israel, and so carried out their earlier pledge (Israel and Egypt signed a peace treaty in 1979) to return Sinai to Egypt. In accordance with the peace treaty, the Multinational Force and Observers (MFO), charged with overseeing the terms of peace between the two nations, monitors the Sinai Peninsula and, so as to avoid future conflict, limits the number of both Egyptian and Israeli troops in the Sinai region. The Rogers Plan: Plan proposed by Secretary of State William P. Rogers that was designed to bring about a cessation to hostilities in the ongoing Arab-Israeli conflict. The Plan's announcement in June of 1970 followed on the heels of the Six-Day War of 1967, which, despite its moniker, continued, albeit in a diminished fashion, for quite some time; the continued fighting has come to be known as the War of Attrition because the Egyptians hoped that by inflicting enough casualties on the IDF, Israel would be forced to sue for peace, which would include favorable terms for the Egyptians, like the return of the Sinai. Allison Astorino-Courtios, author of the article, "Clarifying Decisions: Assessing the Impact of Decision Structures on Foreign Policy Choices During the 1970 Jordanian Civil War", writes: "According to the plan, a ninety-day cease-fire would allow for clearing the Suez Canal of ships stuck there since the 1967 war. In addition, Israel, Egypt, and Jordan were to meet to discuss implementation of UN Resolution 242 which calls for Israeli withdrawal from territories occupied in 1967 and mutual recognition of each state's sovereignty and independence." Although Egypt and Israel formally accepted the Plan in July of 1970, Egypt, wary of the Israeli air superiority that had precipitated their quick defeat on the ground, took advantage of the
cease-fire, which called for both sides to keep the military status-quo in a 50 kilometer area around the front lines, to move roughly 100 S.A.M.s (Surface-to-Air-Missiles) into that designated zone, thus setting the stage for the Yom Kippur War of 1973. Due to the actions of the Egyptians, Secretary of State Rogers lost all credibility with the Israelis, and by 1972 it was clear that the Rogers Plan had utterly failed to abate the high level of tension in the region.
Anwar Sadat Third president of Egypt who replaced Gamal Nasser as his hand-picked successor from 1970 until his assassination in 1981. Took part in the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, to which end he played a crucial role in the planning and execution of the overthrow of the Muhammad Ali Dynasty. Sadat led Egypt to a radical departure from the Nasserism, so called due to his predecessor's far-reaching influence/impact on the Arab World, choosing instead to reinstitute a multi-party system, and to launch the Intifah, or "open door" policy, which opened Egypt up to private investment and development. Led Egypt through the October War of 1973, or the Yom Kippur War, which brought about the return of the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt. In signing the Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty of 1979 that gave Sinai back to Egypt, Sadat made Egypt the first Arab nation to recognize Israel as a legitimate state in the region and, in doing so, distanced himself, and his country, from the rest of the Arab World, which resulted in Egypt's expulsion from the Arab League and the removal of the League's headquarters from Cairo, not long after the treaty was signed. Not only did he recognize Israel, he also became the first Arab head-of-state to speak in front of the Knesset, the Israeli parliament, in which he detailed what he believed to be necessary for peace between Arab and Israeli. Although the return of the Sinai was wildly popular, which Sadat popularized Sadat as an Egyptian hero, his recognition of Israel, not to mention the visit to the Knesset, was even more unpopular than any of his previous accomplishments. He implemented the Corrective Revolution, in which he arrested and imprisoned many of the political supporters of Nasser, fundamentalist Islamists, anti-Sadat politicians, and even some dissenting academia and intellectuals. The Revolution marked a radical departure from the policies of Nasserism, but it also helped to further cement Sadat's unpopularity in the Arab World. The last few years of Sadat's presidency were rife with political turmoil, which was exacerbated by countless accusations of corruption within his government and family. On 6 October 1981, while taking part in the annual victory parade in Cairo, Sadat was assassinated in a hail of automatic weapons fire and exploding fragmentation grenades, all of which came from members of his own military, unhappy with the direction in which they felt Sadat was leading Egypt. His assassination was a worldwide shock, and three former U.S. presidents, Ford, Carter and Nixon, attended the martyred president's funeral, as well as countless other world leaders; Sudanese President Gaafar Nimeiry was the only Arab head-of-state to attend the ceremony, and only 2 of the 24 states in the Arab League, Somalia and Oman, even sent representatives, at all, to offer their respects. Sadat's legacy is one of a forward-thinking democratic leader in the West, and a traitorous Western collaborator to many in the Arab world, yet time has tempered much of the anger, and today Sadat, buried in the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Cairo, is heralded as one of the great leaders of modern Egypt. Gamal Abdul Nasser
Second president of Egypt from 1956 until death in 1970. Like Sadat, was one of the ring leaders in overthrowing the Egyptian monarchy. Was responsible for the popularization of Pan-Arabism, which also came to be known as Nasserism, and Arab nationalism. Due to his efforts at decolonization, as well as his attempts to unite the Arab world under the bonds of common religion/ethnicity/culture, he is beloved in not only Egypt, but throughout the Middle East. Instrumental in creating the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), in 1964, and also the Non-Aligned Movement, which was meant to put Egypt, along with nations such as India, in the realm of the Third World, favoring neither communism, nor capitalism, but tactfully playing the two against each other in order to receive the maximum aid from the two superpowers, the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. He expelled the French and the British in an attempt to nationalize the Suez Canal, an act that precipitated the onset of the Suez Conflict of 1967 Nasser ruled Egypt with a tight grip on all aspects of the country: from the military, to the press, to the school system, he kept a close eye on dissident factions and whatever he deemed counter-productive to his ultimate goals, replacing Egypt's constitution with one of his own design, which greatly strengthened the power of the executive at the expense of the legislative branch. He developed the interior through a series of initiatives that were intended to boost the country's economy by infusing national money into mining and industry: perhaps his most famous project, the Aswan Dam, was the result of such efforts. Furthermore, he nationalized all foreign-owned businesses and enacted a sweeping land reform that greatly lowered the cost of agricultural rent, and allowed for the government to confiscate land from anyone with more than roughly 200 acres; even though the confiscated land was meant to be redistributed amongst the small-landowning peasants, nearly half was retained by the government. Nasser's land reforms and development projects greatly improved the lot of the Egyptian peasant and helped secure his place as a hero to Egyptians and Arabs, everywhere. In response to the Suez Crisis, Nasser felt that the Western Powers were going to support Israel no matter what the circumstances, and so he began to strengthen his ties with the Soviet Union, despite his ardent opposition of Egyptian communism, who in turn promised to help finance the Aswan Dam Project, as well as provide military aid and supplies. The move towards the socialist left put Nasser on not-so-good terms with the U.S. and the rest of Europe. Nasser's role in orchestrating the Yemen War and the Six-Day War, both very costly and unsuccessful from an Egyptian standpoint, negatively impacted his reputation in the Arab world. Following the defeat and utter destruction of the Egyptian forces in the Six-Day War, Nasser resigned his post in June of 1967, only to re-assume that position from 1969-1970, leading Egypt through the aftermath of the Six-Day War, the War of Attrition, until his death on September 28, 1970, from a heart attack. Nasser's funeral on October 1, 1970, was one of the largest in history, attended by an estimated 7 million people, and he is still widely credited with influencing scores of future Arab leaders, as well as Arab nationalism in the Middle East.
Kennedy New Frontier The New Frontier program was intended to boost the economy, to provide international aid, provide for national defense, and to boost the space program. Kennedy made a point to control monopoly prices, and although this made him unpopular with
large companies, he argued it prevented consumers from being forced to pay more than a product was worth. On the international scale he accomplished two major things. o The first of these was the Peace Corps, which sent teachers to poorer nations to help increase education levels and bolster their economies. o The second was the Alliance for Progress, which provided politically-committed aid in health, education in Latin America.
The Power Game Dissects the growing influence of political action committees (PACs), the increasing difficulty of forming coalitions in Congress, the rise in "media politics," and the power of staff--both in Congress and the White House--to show today's process of governing. Details: the backdrop of the Carter and Reagan administrations, this four-hour PBS series pries the lid off the Washington power game to show who really exercises power in the U.S. government, how the winners win, and why the losers lose. Hedrick Smith goes deep inside Congress, the White House, the lobbies, and the media to show the shadow government as well as the elected government. He makes the power game easy to follow and understand. Smith conducts a probing examination of the Washington power structure to show the shadow government of staff, lobbyists, and the media, as well as the elected government of Congress and the President. Smith tackles the culture of Washington with the same analytical power and anecdotal color that distinguished The Russians. Praised by scholars and policymakers as the definitive work on Beltway politics, The Power Game is used in college courses around the country. Truman Doctrine This doctrine wanted to help other countries financially and give them military assistance in order to prevent them from being taken over by communism. To be more specific Greece and Turkey in the amount of 400,000,000 dollars. Monroe Doctrine The concept of this doctrine is that it wanted to maintain complete isolation from foreign issues.
Eisenhower Doctrine This doctrine pertains to the Middle East where Eisenhower wanted deal with the possibility of Communism. It wanted to develop economic strenghth so these nations could be independent, offer military assistance, employment of US armed forces for security and to protect territorial intergrity Balfour Declaration Arthur Balfour wrote a letter discussing the Zionist decision to Make Palestine a home for
Jews. This represents the first political recognition of the Zionist by a Great Power.
UNSCOP(UN Special Commission of Palestine) Was formed in May, 1947 in response to a British Government request that the General Assembly 'make recommendations under article 10 of the Charter, concerning the future government of Palestine.' The British government had also recommended the establishment of a special committee to prepare a report for the General Assembly. The General Assembly adopted the recommendation to set up the UNSCOP to investigate the cause of the conflict in Palestine, and, if possible, devise a solution. UNSCOP was made up of representatives of 11 nations. United States vs. Curtiss-Wright Corp In 1936 the defendant Curtiss-Wright Corporation was charged with illegally sending arms of war to Bolivia prior to the revocation of the first proclamation. Despite the controversy surrounding it, the Curtiss-Wright decision is one of the Supreme Court's most influential. Most cases involving executive branchlegislative branch conflicts involve political questions that the courts refuse to adjudicate. Therefore, the sweeping language of Curtiss-Wright is regularly cited to support executive branch claims of power to act without congressional authorization in foreign affairs, especially when there is no judicial intervention to interpret the meaning of that text. Mark Twain: A world renowned author who took a vist to the Middle East and deemed Arabs and muslims as servile and untrustworthy. His thoughts became the common that in the western hemisphere and contributed to orientalism.