IDENTIFICATIONS FINAL EXAM GOV 312L (Complete)
Agency for International Development : Goals: Furthering American foreign policy abroad Expanding democracy and free markets Improving the lives of others in developing countries Created in 1961 by Foreign Assistance Act. Doesn't work alone. Relationships w/ 3,500 Amer. Companies and over 300 private organizations.. Focuses on countries trying to escape poverty, recovering from disaster, and engaging in democratic reforms Sub- Saharian Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, Europe and Eurasia, Middle East Stimulates economic opportunities in ME through trade facilitation to combat joblessness. Ahmed Chalabi: Secular Shiite, Baghdad-born exile whom the Pentagon was grooming as Saddam Hussein's successor in Iraq Oil minister & deputy prime minister in Iraq 2005-2006 Part of Iraqi National Congress (INC)- opposition group that intended to overthrow Hussein o awarded him support from US for providing ((questionable))intelligence on Iraq o little support within Iraq He convinced US to condemn President Hussein o he reported WMD o he claimed to know of ties with Al Qaeda Buddy-buddy with all the neocons at the Pentagon like Wolfowitz He's being investigated for fraud w/ other members of INC o convicted of embezzlement in Jordan Al Aqsa Intifada: 2nd Palestinian uprising Began Sept 2000 in response to Ariel Sharon;s visit to Temple Mount/ Al Aqsa Mosque (same place) in Jerusalem Right after Camp David 2000 peace talks Sharon led a delegation of Likud Party legislators and 100s of Israeli security to alAqsa o Palestinians saw this as provocation (al Aqsa= Islam's 3rd holiest site) o Israelis saw his visit as an internal political move against PM/opponent Ehud Barak o violent Palestinian demonstrations Killed 4, wounded 200 Palestinians Far more violent than 1st intifada o Arab suicide bombings/ Israeli's F-16s, helicopter gunships, and laser-bombs Mitchell Report= negotiations to end the violence (By Clinton and George Mitchell- former Senator who previously helped broker truce in Northern Ireland) o -peace for land settlement Ali Larijani Iranian philosopher/ politician. Member of Iranian parliament Head national security council 1
Top negotiator on Iran's national security issues, such as Iran's nuclear program Opposed Ahmadinejad
American Orientalism Book by Douglas Little Eroticization of Arab world in American culture through: postmodern social theory, photojournalism (Nat Geo), cultural anthropology. o Orient= exotic, backward, dangerous, in desperate need of Western, specifically American, guidance for cultural modernization/ democracy Anwar Sadat 3rd President of Egypt, from 1970 until his assassination in 1981 Replaced Gamal Nasser as his hand-picked successor Took part in the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, he played a crucial role in the planning and execution of the overthrow of the Muhammad Ali Dynasty Sadat led Egypt to a radical departure from the Nasserism, so called due to his predecessor's far-reaching influence/impact on the Arab World, choosing instead to reinstitute a multi-party system, and to launch the Intifah, or "open door" policy, which opened Egypt up to private investment and development. Led Egypt through the October War of 1973, or the Yom Kippur War, which brought about the return of the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt. In signing the Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty of 1979 that gave Sinai back to Egypt, Sadat made Egypt the first Arab nation to recognize Israel as a legitimate state in the region and, in doing so, distanced himself, and his country, from the rest of the Arab World, which resulted in Egypt's expulsion from the Arab League and the removal of the League's headquarters from Cairo, not long after the treaty was signed. Not only did he recognize Israel, he also became the first Arab head-of-state to speak in front of the Knesset, the Israeli parliament, in which he detailed what he believed to be necessary for peace between Arab and Israeli. Although the return of the Sinai was wildly popular, which popularized Sadat as an Egyptian hero, his recognition of Israel, not to mention the visit to the Knesset, was even more unpopular than any of his previous accomplishments. He implemented the Corrective Revolution, in which he arrested and imprisoned many of the political supporters of Nasser, fundamentalist Islamists, anti-Sadat politicians, and even some dissenting academia and intellectuals. The last few years of Sadat's presidency were rife with political turmoil October 6, 1981, while taking part in the annual victory parade in Cairo, Sadat was assassinated in a hail of automatic weapons fire and exploding fragmentation grenades, all of which came from members of his own military, unhappy with the direction in which they felt Sadat was leading Egypt. His assassination was a worldwide shock, and three former U.S. presidents, Ford, Carter and Nixon, attended the martyred president's funeral, as well as countless other world leaders; Sadat's legacy is one of a forward-thinking democratic leader in the West, and a disloyal Western collaborator to many in the Arab world, Time has tempered much of the anger and today Sadat, buried in the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Cairo, is heralded as one of the great leaders of modern Egypt. Arms Export Control Act (AECA) of 1976 Passed by Gerald Ford, but only after he vetoed an earlier, stronger version of the bill. 2
Gives the president the authority to control the import and export of defense articles, such as weapons and vehicles, and defense services, such as advisors, and training manuals that detail and describe U.S. tactics and countermeasures. AECA also places certain restrictions on American arms traders and manufacturers, prohibiting them from the sale of certain sensitive technologies to certain parties and requiring thorough documentation of such trades to trusted parties. AECA requires that governments in receipt of U.S. military aid use the weapons only for, "legitimate", self-defense. Furthermore, consideration is given as to whether the exports, "would contribute to an arms race, aid in the development of weapons of mass destruction, support international terrorism, increase the possibility of outbreak or escalation of conflict, or prejudice the development of bilateral or multilateral arms control or nonproliferation agreements or other arrangements." AECA has been amended time and again over subsequent decades, the most important of which was added in the last administration: it handed the authority vested in the president (2007? Not entirely sure, though) to the secretary of state. In January 2009, Congressman Dennis Kucinich informed Secretary of State, Dr. Condoleezza Rice, that Israel's actions in Gaza since December 27th, 2008 may constitute a violation of the requirements of the Arms Export Control Act...yet we continue to support and supply the Israelis as we have for the past half-century.
Axis of Evil Term coined by George W. Bush to describe governments accused of helping terrorism or harboring WMD Iran, Iraq, North Korea o War on Terror Ayatollah Khomeini Aka Imam Khomeini Iranian religious leader, scholar, politician Led 1979 Iranian Revolution against Mohammed Pahlavi and the late shah "Man of the year" 1979 by Time Magazine (ha side-note) 65 yr old cleric- denounced the shah as an American puppet o He questioned, what the hell is a "white revolution" o Said that secular education, women's rights, and land reform were against Muslim tradition o He quickly became the leading opponent to Pahlavi Shah ordered brutal crackdown on this new mentality o killed more than 1,000 Iranians Placed Khomeini on house arrest didn't work. He continued 16 mo. Later placed in exile first to Turkey, then to Iraq Baghdad Pact Central Treaty Organization, or Middle East Treaty Organization 1955 to 1979, between Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey, and United Kingdom Modeled after NATO, committed each nation to mutual cooperation and non-intervention in each other's affairs Goal was to contain the soviet union During Eisenhower Administration 3
"No region of the world received as much of my close attention as Mid East" Eisenhower doctrine was to defend Middle East against communism, without joining the Baghdad Pact http://web.austin.utexas.edu/chenry/usme/classes/lec5.html
Benjamin Netanyahu Current Prime Minister of Israel, he assumed office March 31, 2009, before him was Ehud Olmert from '06-'09 He previously held the same position from June 1996 to July 1999 Chairman of the Likud Party Netanyahu is the first and only Israeli prime minister born after the State of Israel's foundation. Netanyahu was Foreign Minister (2002-2003) and Finance Minister (2003- August 2005) As Prime Minister Netanyahu emphasized a policy of "three no(s)": no withdrawal from the Golan Heights, no discussion of the case of Jerusalem, no negotiations under any preconditions Upon the arrival of the Obama administration's special envoy, George Mitchell, Netanyahu has said that any furtherance of negotiations with the Palestinians will be conditioned with Palestinians recognizing Israel as a Jewish state Blackwater USA (Xe/Blackwater Worldwide) Private military company founded in 1997 by Erik Prince and Al Clark In October 2007, Blackwater USA renamed itself Blackwater Worldwide, and was colloquially referred to simply as "Blackwater" Feb. 13, 2009, they changed their name to Xe Based in North Carolina, Xe operates a tactical training facility, which the company claims is the world's largest, trains more than 40,000 people a year, mostly from U.S. or foreign military and police services The training consists of military offensive and defensive operations, as well as smaller scale personal security Xe Worldwide is currently the largest of the U.S. State Department's three private security contractors Xe provided security services in Iraq to the United States federal government, particularly the Department of State on a contractual basis. They no longer have a license to operate in Iraq: the new Iraqi government made multiple attempts to expel them from their country, and denied their application for an operating license in January 2009.However, the company is still under contract with the State Department and some Blackwater personnel will likely remain in Iraq at least until September, 2009. incident in Baghdad in September 2007 in which Blackwater guards killed 17 Iraqis that brought the company to public notice, and made it a focal point for tensions over the role of the many private security firms supplementing the American war effort http://www.blackwaterusa.com/ Boland Amendment Proposed by Edward Boland under the Regan Administration Congressional rejection of aid to Nicaragua Contras (lecture) The Boland Amendment was the name given to three U.S. legislative amendments between 1982 and 1984, all aimed at limiting US government assistance to the rebel Contras in Nicaragua.Boland 4
Amendment prohibited the federal government from providing military support "for the purpose of overthrowing the Government of Nicaragua." In spite of the Boland Amendment, Vice Admiral John M. Poindexter and his deputy, Colonel Oliver North, possibly without informing the president, secretly diverted to the Nicaraguan contras millions of dollars in funds received from another secret deal which had had explicit presidential approval -- the secret sales of anti-tank and anti-aircraft missiles to Iran in spite of Reagan's public pledge not to deal with "terrorist" nations. The discovery that the Contras were armed by the proceeds of weapons sales to Iran by Israel triggered the Iran-Contra Affair. Beyond restricting overt US support of the Contras, the most significant effect of the Boland Amendment was the controversial Iran-Contra Affair. Class lecture- April 21
Brent Scowcroft Born March 19, 1925, Republican 9th National Security Advisor (1974-1977) under President Gerald Ford 17th National Security Advisor (1989- 1993) under President George H. W. Bush Was a Lieutenant General in the United States Air Force Served as Military Assistant to President Richard Nixon Served as Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs in the Nixon and Ford administrations Served as Chairman of the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board under President George W. Bush from 2001 to 2005 Prior to joining the Bush administration, Scowcroft was Vice Chairman of Kissinger Associates, Inc. He has had a long association with Henry Kissinger, having served as his assistant when Kissinger was the National Security Adviser under Nixon, from 1968. He is the founder and president of The Forum for International Policy, a think tank. Scowcroft is also president of The Scowcroft Group, Inc., an international business consulting firm. Scowcroft has chaired or served on a number of policy advisory councils Scowcroft was a leading Republican critic of U.S. policy towards Iraq before and after the 2003 invasion, which war critics in particular have seen as significant given Scowcroft's close ties to former President George H.W. Bush Scowcroft supported the invasion of Afghanistan as a "direct response" to terrorism. Camp David II (July 2000) July 2000- at Camp David Attempt to negotiate a "Final Status Settlement" between Israel and Palestine Key Players: President Bill Clinton, Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak, Palestinian Authority Chairman Yasser Arafat An agreement was NOT reached! Issued a "Trilateral Statement" to guide future negations 4 major issues to the negotiation 5
o Territory o Jerusalem and the Temple Mount o Refugees and the "Right of Return" o Israeli security concerns Both sides blamed the other for the failure of the talks o Clinton blamed Arafat Camp David Summit (Carter) The Camp David Accords were signed by Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin on September 17, 1978, following twelve days of secret negotiations at Camp David The two agreements were signed at the White House, witnessed by United States President Jimmy Carter The Accords led directly to the 1979 Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty Also resulted in Sadat and Begin sharing the 1978 Nobel Peace Prize Carter Doctrine Policy proclaimed by President Jimmy Carter in his State of the Union Address on January 23 1980 US would use military force if necessary to defend its national interests in the Persian Gulf region. Doctrine was a response to the 1979 invasion of Afghanistan by the Soviet Union, and was intended to deter the Soviet Union from seeking hegemony in the Persian Gulf. To ensure protection of Middle East oil, Carter declared that the United States would consider any attempt by an outside force (the Soviet Union) to gain control of the gulf region an assault on U.S. vital interests that would be repelled by military force if necessary. Consequently, Carter expanded military aid to Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Israel, and Pakistan He went beyond surrogate forces and created a Rapid Deployment Joint Task Force (RDF) to provide military aid and to assist in emergency situations in the gulf. In 1990, President George H. W. Bush invoked the doctrine in sending U.S. troops to confront Iraq during the Gulf War. Colin Powell American statesman and a former four-star general in the US Army. Born April 5, 1937- Republican Party Military Service 1958-1993, purple heart, 4 star general; fought in Vietnam war, Invasion of Panama, Gulf War 65th United States Secretary of State (2001-2005), under President George W. Bush, first African American appointed to that position. 16th National Security Advisor (19871989) under Regan Admin. 12th Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (19891993) first and only African American Also served as Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Army Forces Command (1989) Condoleezza Rice 6
Born November 14, 1954 Was the 66th United States Secretary of State The second Sec of St. in the administration of President George W. Bush to hold the office. Rice was the first black woman, second African, and the second woman to serve as SofSt. Rice was President Bush's National Security Advisor during his first term During the summer of 2001, Rice met with CIA Director George Tenet on an almost daily basis to discuss the possibilities and prevention of terrorist attacks on American targets. Notably, on July 10, 2001, Rice met with Tenet in what he referred to as an "emergency meeting"[31] held at the White House at Tenet's request to brief Rice and the NSC staff about the potential threat of an al Qaeda attack. Rice responded by asking Tenet to give a presentation on the matter to Secretary Rumsfeld and Attorney General John Ashcroft.[32] When asked about the meeting in 2006, Rice asserted she did not recall the specific meeting, commenting that she had met repeatedly with Tenet that summer about terrorist threats. Moreover, she stated that it was "incomprehensible" to her that she ignored terrorist threats two months before the September 11 attacks.[31] Rice was an outspoken proponent of the 2003 invasion of Iraq. After Iraq delivered its declaration of weapons of mass destruction to the United Nations on December 8, 2002, Rice wrote an editorial for The New York Times entitled "Why We Know Iraq Is Lying".
Darfur More than 200,000 people have been killed and 2.5 million displaced in the four-year conflict in Darfur, which began when rebels from ethnic African tribes rose up against the Arab-led central government. The government is accused of responding by unleashing the janjaweed militias of Arab nomads, blamed for indiscriminate killing. The government denies the charges. The current force of 7,000 AU peacekeepers has been unable to stop the fighting in a region the size of Texas. About 2.5 million people have been driven from their homes in Darfur and are living in poorly protected camps in the province and eastern Chad President Bush, ramping up pressure on Sudan government, said Wednesday the United States will tighten economic sanctions and impose new ones if Sudanese President Omar alBashir does not take quick, concrete steps to stop the bloodshed in Darfur. ''The world needs to act,'' Bush said. ''If President al-Bashir does not meet his obligations, the United States of America will act.'' Sudan's government says the violence has been exaggerated for political reasons. Mr. Bush who told the General Assembly last fall that the credibility of the United Nations was at stake in Darfur There is still no United Nations peacekeeping force in Darfur
Decision Making: Rational Actor Model of decision-making Way to explain how decisions are made in international politics Most frequently employed policy making model Action/Reaction Process; Foreign policy is reaction 4 parts: o (1) Goals are clearly stated and ranked in order of preference o (2) All options are considered o (3) The Consequences of each option are addressed 7
o (4) A value-maximizing choice is made Attractive and Criticized for the same reason: It places few informational demands on observer Inductive/Deductive o Inductive- diplomatic strategy (place your self in their shoes) o Deductive- military strategy (mathematical) Assumes that action is a calculated solution to strategic problem Needs to analyze nations Goals and Objectives, Alternatives, Consequences, and the choice made by the nation.
Decision Making: Bureaucratic Politics Model Also called Government Politics Model Decisions best understood as result of bargaining among the actors (w/ in the govt) Decisions not made by rational choice, but rather by determining an active give and take between organizational units, basically bargaining Policy Making = Conflict Resolution, instead of problem solving Predicts future policy to only differ minimally Government interaction can be understood as a bargaining game, with outcomes resulting from competition Desert Storm Jan 16/17 1991(2 August 1990 28 February 1991) A United Nations-authorized military conflict between Iraq and a coalition force from 34 nations commissioned with expelling Iraqi forces from Kuwait after Iraq's occupation and annexation of Kuwait in August 1990. Though there were nearly three dozen member states of the coalition, the overwhelming majority of the military forces participating were from the United States and the United Kingdom, but the majority the war costs were paid by Saudi Arabia - around 40 billion of the approximately 50 billion in cost.
Dimona On December 7, 1960, an action on the matter was taken. The State Department summoned Israeli Ambassador and asked Israel for explanation. For the first time Dimona was placed on the table. Israel started the construction work at the Dimona site sometimes in early 1958, but it took the United States intelligence community almost three long years to "discover" the site for what it was, namely, a nuclear site under construction. The late discovery of Dimona was clearly a major blunder of the American intelligence community. The final "proof" was a testimony came from a human source, Professor Henry Gomberg of the University of Michigan, a nuclear physicist who visited Israel as a consultant to the Israeli Atomic Energy Commission (IAEC). In his conversations with Israeli officials and scientists he came to the conclusion that Israel was engaged in a vast classified nuclear project, in addition to the Soreq peaceful project. He reported his conclusion to American Ambassador in Tel Aviv, Ogden Reid (http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/israel/documents/reveal/index.html) 8
Desert Shield- (operation desert shield) Acting on the policy of the Carter Doctrine, and out of fear the Iraqi army could launch an invasion of Saudi Arabia, U.S. President George H. W. Bush quickly announced that the U.S. would launch a "wholly defensive" mission to prevent Iraq from invading Saudi Arabia Operation Desert Shield was when U.S. troops were moved into Saudi Arabia on August 7, 1990. The US Navy mobilized two naval battle groups, the aircraft carriers USS Dwight D. Eisenhower and USS Independence and their escorts, to the area. A total of 48 U.S. Air Force F-15s landed in Saudi Arabia and immediately commenced round the clock air patrols of the SaudiKuwaitIraq border areas to discourage further Iraqi advances. The U.S. also sent the battleships USS Missouri and USS Wisconsin to the region. Military buildup continued from there, eventually reaching 543,000 troops.
Dissident Triangle According to Hedrick Smith the dissident triangle opens up the power game in the political arena. It is composed of the media, internal critics of federal agencies and allies in Congress. This triangle of power helps to keep more power for governmental decision making open to the public. An example would be a whistle blower in the Pentagon that calls out generals, defense contractors and members of congress who benefit from policy decisions by getting contracts or other benefits. Donald Rumsfeld Secretary of Defense for George W. Bush Neo-Con who pushed for Iraq war During Iraq war planning, Rumsfeld had head officials reporting to him, not the NSC Dept. of Defense no longer headed by Donald Rumsfeld, and his deputy Paul Wolfowitz, who was the principal advocate of the invasion of Iraq, headed the World Bank from 2005 to June 2007 when he was obliged to resign. William Gates, who took over from Rumsfeld, continues to serve as Defense Secretary under the Obama Administration. Douglas Feith A longtime neoconservative and former lawyer who has promoted militarist security polices in the United States and Israel, Served four years in the George W. Bush administration as Donald Rumsfeld's deputy undersecretary of defense for policy In class lectures, Henry has referred to him as an "Israel factor" that led us into Iraq war Office of Special Plans, recognized by many as the origin of bad information leading to the Iraq War, was set up under Feith's purview 9
Feith left office in August 2005 amid investigations into allegations that he deliberately skewed intelligence on Iraq to bolster arguments to go to war http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/1146.html
Dr. Ayman al-Zawahiri Prominent leader of al-Qaeda and a very qualified surgeon Has worked in the al-Qaeda organization since its inception He is often described as a "lieutenant" to Osama bin Laden, though bin Laden's chosen biographer has referred to him as the "real brains" of al-Qaeda Zawahiri said Islamic militants would help the Palestinians by mounting attacks everywhere, "for the entire world is our field against the targets of the Zionist Crusade." Egyptian-born Ayman al-Zawahiri said "Israel's Arab aides" are trying to impose a truce in Gaza to defeat the Palestinians and he called on them to be steadfast while Jewish targets are attacked around the world http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,498310,00.html Dual containment The Clinton administration has identified both Iraq and Iran as significant threats to America's interests in the Persia Gulf. It has developed a policy, known as "dual containment," to deal with those threats by isolating both countries regionally, cutting them off from the world economic and trading system, and encouraging a regime change in Iraq. It assumes that either the regional status quo in the Middle East will endure or the United States will be able to stage-manage a change of regime in Iraq, while keeping Iran from being a spoiler of stability
American allies in the region and elsewhere have shown no enthusiasm for dual containment, making its implementation highly problematic
http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/49686/f-gregory-gause-iii/the-illogic-of-dual-containment Ehud Olmert Prime Minister of Israel from 2006-2009; Mayor of Jerusalem from 1993-2003 Accused of heavy corruption; facing these allegations, he announced that he would not seek re-election. Part of the political party Kadima Welcomed the Arab Peace Initiative, and pushed for a two state solution. Elite theory Another model of foreign policy decision making The generalization that nearly all political power is held by a relatively small and wealthy group of people sharing similar values and interests and mostly coming from relatively similar privileged backgrounds Elite theorists emphasize the degree to which interlocking corporate and foundation directorates, old school ties and frequent social interaction tend to link together and facilitate coordination between the top leaders in business, government, civic organizations, educational and cultural establishments and the mass media This "power elite" can effectively dictate the main goals for all really important government policy making (as well as dominate the activities of the major mass media and educational/cultural organizations in society) by virtue of their control over the economic resources of the major business and financial organizations in the country http://www.auburn.edu/~johnspm/gloss/elite_theory 10
Elliott Abrams Key advisor on Mideast policy at the National Security Council (NSC) during the George W. Bush presidency Well-known neoconservative ideologue who was convicted (and later pardoned) on charges related to the Iran-Contra scandal of the 1980s After the 9/11 attacks he served as a leading proponent within the Bush administration of an interventionist "war on terror." Became a senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations at the end of the Bush presidency http://www.rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/969.html Gamal Abdul Nasser 2nd president of Egypt from 1956 until death in 1970 Religion: Sunni Islam Like Sadat, was one of the ringleaders in overthrowing the Egyptian monarchy. Was responsible for the popularization of Pan-Arabism, which also came to be known as Nasserism, and Arab nationalism. Due to his efforts at decolonization and attempts to unite the Arab world under the bonds of common religion/ethnicity/culture, he is beloved in Egypt and throughout the Middle East. Instrumental in creating the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), in 1964, and also the Non-Aligned Movement, which was meant to put Egypt, along with nations such as India, in the realm of the Third World, favoring neither communism, nor capitalism, but tactfully playing the two against each other in order to receive the maximum aid from the two superpowers, the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. He expelled the French and the British in an attempt to nationalize the Suez Canal, an act that precipitated the onset of the Suez Conflict of 1967 Nasser ruled Egypt with a tight grip on all aspects of the country He developed the interior through a series of initiatives that were intended to boost the country's economy by infusing national money into mining and industry: perhaps his most famous project, the Aswan Dam, was the result of such efforts. In response to the Suez Crisis, Nasser felt that the Western Powers were going to support Israel no matter what the circumstances, and so he began to strengthen his ties with the Soviet Union, despite his ardent opposition of Egyptian communism, who in turn promised to help finance the Aswan Dam Project, as well as provide military aid and supplies. Move towards the socialist left put Nasser on not-so-good terms with the U.S. and the rest of Europe. Nasser's role in coordinating the Yemen War and Six-Day War, were costly and unsuccessful from an Egyptian standpoint, negatively impacted his reputation in the Arab world. Following the defeat and utter destruction of the Egyptian forces in the Six-Day War, Nasser resigned his post in June of 1967, only to re-assume that position from 1969-1970, leading Egypt through the aftermath of the Six-Day War, the War of Attrition, until his death on September 28, 1970, from a heart attack. Nasser's funeral on October 1, 1970, was one of the largest in history, attended by an estimated 7 million people, and he is still widely credited with influencing scores of future Arab leaders, as well as Arab nationalism in the Middle East. General Anthony Zinni Retired four-star General in the US Marine Corps 11
Former Commander in Chief of CENTCOM (Central Command) US special envoy to Israel and the Palestinian Authority Author- books about military career- Battle for Peace, Battle Ready Holds positions on several boards of directors of major U.S. corporations Says he will never run for office and that his decision to support President Bush was a mistake and plans to stay out of politics from now on. Was slated as a possible vice president nominee for Obama in the 2008 election Holds positions on several Boards of Directors for many US companies
Geneva Accord of 2003 Were written as if the Oslo Accords never happened. Negotiated in secret for 2+ years Palestinian Arab pledges to recognize Israel, renounce terror, end anti-Israel incitement, remain disarmed -- the same promises made in the Oslo Accords Israel recognized the PLO as the legitimate representatives of the Palestinian Arabs, established the Palestinian Authority Called on Israel to agree to a Palestinian Arab state, abandon many of the Jewish communities in areas claimed by Palestinian Arabs, redivide Jerusalem, and to grant sovereignty over the Temple Mount to the new Palestinian Arab state.
George Tenet Director of the CIA from 1997-2004 In 1999 developed "Grand Plan" for dealing with al-Qaeda. Blamed for 9/11- didn't react to intelligence Camp David (September 15th, 2001) National Security Council (AKA "war council") -Tenet presented the "Worldwide Attack Matrix": a blueprint for the "War On Terror" One of people blamed for fabricating the WMD story. Resigned for "personal reasons" in 2003 Wrote a book: At the Center of the Storm: My Years in the CIA
Golan Heights 12
Mountainous region between Israel, Syria, Lebanon and Jordan. This area was controlled by Syria until Israel overtook it in the Six days War in 1967. In 1981 Israel annexed the state and is currently under Israeli control. When the USS Liberty was attacked by Israel "mistakenly" one of the reasons speculated for this attack was to keep the US in the dark about their intentions to invade the Golan region.
Groupthink A type of thought exhibited by group members who try to minimize conflict and reach consensus without critically testing, analyzing, and evaluating ideas. Individual creativity, uniqueness, and independent thinking are lost in the pursuit of group cohesiveness, as are the advantages of reasonable balance in choice and thought that might normally be obtained by making decisions as a group. During groupthink, members of the group avoid promoting viewpoints outside the comfort zone of consensus thinking. A variety of motives for this may exist such as a desire to avoid being seen as foolish, or a desire to avoid embarrassing or angering other members of the group. Groupthink may cause groups to make hasty, irrational decisions, where individual doubts are set aside, for fear of upsetting the group's balance. Sometimes, due to time pressures, groups must make quick decisions which leads to this situation. The term is frequently used pejoratively, with hindsight.
Hamas Largest and most influential Palestinian militant movement. Came to lead in 2006 Palestinian Authority's Elections, defeating Fatah Refuses to recognize Israel as a state "In Arabic, the word `hamas' means zeal. But it's also an Arabic acronym for `Harakat alMuqawama al-Islamiya,' or Islamic Resistance Movement." from a Council on Foreign Relations website. No unified leader: o Ismail Haniyeh: Hamas Prime Minister and Senior Hamas figure in Gaza, o Khaled Meshal: Hamas's overall leader who lives in Syrian exile. Operates in Gaza, the West Bank, and inside Israel. Hamas combines Palestinian nationalism with Islamic fundamentalism. o Founding charter commits the group to the destruction of Israel, the replacement of the PA with an Islamist state on the West Bank and Gaza, and to raising "the banner of Allah over every inch of Palestine." o Hamas believes "peace talks will do no good" 13
Devotes much of its estimated $70-million annual budget to an extensive social services network. o Hamas funds schools, orphanages, mosques, healthcare clinics, soup kitchens, and sports leagues.
Loosing popularity with the people of Palestine- the public has less-radical views.
Hans Blix A Swedish diplomat and politician Head of the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission from March 2000 to June 2003 Controversy around his statements concerning the Iraq War/ WMD claim o Accused the US and British governments of dramatizing the threat of WMD in Iraq, in order to justify the War o "There were about 700 inspections, and in no case did we find weapons of mass destruction" Chair of the Weapons of Mass Destruction Commission (WMDC) (Swedish Governmental program based in Stockholm) since 2003
Intelligence Oversight Act An act passed in 1980 under President Jimmy Carter's administration o Amended the Hughes-Ryan Act Expanded the role of Congress in monitoring covert operations. Required the heads of intelligence agencies to keep the congressional intelligence oversight committees informed of their activities. Established detailed procedures for reporting covert actions to Congress.
International Atomic Energy Authority (IAEA) International organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its use for military purposes. Not part of the United Nations, (the IAEA Statute guarantees this), but reports to both the General Assembly and the Security Council Headquarters in Vienna, Austria o Two "Regional Safeguards Offices" are in Toronto, Canada and Tokyo, Japan. 14
o Two liaison offices in New York and Geneva, Switzerland. Originally "Atoms for Peace" Established 1957 by Dwight D. Eisenhower as an autonomous organization Received Nobel Peace Prize in 2005 o Rewarded jointly to IAEA and its Director General, Mohamed ElBaradei
Intifada I - (19871993) began Dec 8, '87, while Shamir was PM of Israel Palestinian uprising against Israeli domination, in occupied territories, began in a refugee camp and spread to West Bank, Gaza and East Jerusalem violence brought world wide attention; 1,300 Palestinians were killed by Israeli forces;160 Israelis were killed by Palestinians, and 1,000 Palestinians were killed by Palestinians as alleged collaborators with Israel Rabin fought back the Palestinians with "Iron First" policy On December 22, the UN Security Council condemned Israel in Resolution 605 for violating the Geneva Conventions due to the number of Palestinian deaths in these first few weeks of the Intifada' failure of "Iron Fist" policy forced Rabin to begin to consider peace talks with PLO raised awareness of Palestinian's cause Intifada II ( Sept 2000 Nov 26, 2006) began during Ehud Barak's term and last through Sharon's term sporadic fighting continued until Dec 2008 the start is disputed since some believe it began with Arafat's walkout of the Camp David Accords in July of 2000, but other believe it was Sharon's visit to the Temple Mount, a place holy both to Israelis and Palestinians and part of the disagreement in the Accords, that sparked the outbreak Palestinians consider the Second Intifada to be a part of their ongoing struggle for national liberation, justice, and an end to Israeli occupation, whereas many Israelis it consider to be a "wave of Palestinian terrorism" instigated and pre-planned by then Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat Palestinians fight with suicide bombers, demonstrations, and armed attacks, Israelis respond by slicing up the territory with numerous checkpoints and curfews and economic warfare tactics Some call it the "Oslo War" or "Arafat War" - both Israelis and Palestinians have blamed each other for the failure of the Oslo peace process. Irangate US political scandal in 1987 involving senior members of the Reagan administration Congressional hearings 198687 revealed that the US government had secretly sold weapons to Iran in 1985 and traded them for hostages held in Lebanon by pro-Iranian militias o used the profits to supply right-wing Contra guerrillas in Nicaragua with arms. 15
In December 1993 the independent prosecutor Lawrence Walsh published his final report. It asserted that Reagan and Bush were fully aware of attempts to free US hostages in Lebanon in 198586 by means of unsanctioned arms sales to Iran. The total cost of the Irangate enquiries came to $35 million.
Iraq Study Group Report A report issued by a study group coordinated by the United States Institute of Peace that made a "forward-looking, independent" assessment of the situation on the ground in Iraq, and said situation affects both the region and U.S. interests there. The Report was based on four broad topics: the strategic environment in and around Iraq; the security of Iraq and key challenges to enhancing security within the country; political developments within Iraq following the elections and formation of the new government; and, the economy and reconstruction.
Released in December of 2006, the Report was reviewed and debated at the highest levels of government throughout the world. In the U.S., it was praised by the political left, and criticized by the right. The Report did not bring into question the mistakes and consequences of the 2003 invasion because of the intended bipartisanship that was meant to further efforts at creating a solution, rather than detract from them by creating divisions between the ISG's members. The Report called for ever-greater control of the government, military, and economy of the country to be exercised by the Iraqi Parliament. It also suggested an increase in the number of combat troops to facilitate and support this transition, which number would then be diminished over a period of years.
Iron Triangle The policy making relationship between Congress, the beaucracy (governmental agencies), and interest groups. A common example is the triangle between the military and the defense agency. This is the relationship between Congress which has the House and Senate Committees on armed services, the defense contractors and the Department of Defense. Each section has its own interests and seeks to influence each other. The beaucratic agencies often use their constituents to create a more powerful base and as a result these interest groups demands are met. J. William Fulbright United States Senator representing Arkansas from 1945 to 1975. Supported creation of the UN, opposed House UN-American Activities Committee Longest serving chairman in the history of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee 16
Raised Serious objections to JFK about impending Bay of Pigs Invasion in April 1961. Strong believer in international law.
James Baker American attorney, politician, political administrator, and political advisor. Served as Chief of staff in President Reagan's first administration, and final year of administration of President George H.W. Bush (1993) Served as Secretary of Treasure from 1985-1988 in the second Reagan administration, and Secretary of State in George H. W. Bush administration. On January 9, 1991, during the Geneva Peace Conference with Tariq Aziz in Geneva, Baker declared that "If there is any user of (chemical or biological weapons), our objectives won't just be the liberation of Kuwait, but the elimination of the current Iraqi regime...". Baker later acknowledged that the intent of this statement was to imply the threat of a unilateral nuclear strike on Iraq's homeland. John Foster Dulles Eisenhower's Secretary of State from 1953-1959 Advocated aggressive stance against communism around the world Opposed Anglo-French invasion of the Suez Canal, Egypt (1956) Cut off financing for Egyptian Gamal Nasser's High Dam at Aswan Nasser retaliated by nationalizing the Suez Canal Eventually all of this lead to the agreement of keeping the Gulf of Aqaba open to sea transportation, after Eisenhower forced Israel and France/Britain away from the Suez Canal http://web.austin.utexas.edu/chenry/usme/classes/lec5.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles John Negroponte An american diplomat, He is currently a research fellow and lecturer in international affairs at Yale University. Prior to this appointment, he served as the United States Deputy Secretary of State and as the first ever Director of National Intelligence. On February 17, 2005, President George W. Bush named Negroponte as the first Director of National Intelligence, (DNI), a cabinet-level position charged with coordinating the nation's Intelligence Community In the New York Review of Books, Stephen Kinzer reported that the messages sent by nominating Negroponte were that "the Bush administration will not be bound by diplomatic niceties as it conducts its foreign policy." A State Department official told him that "Giving him this job is a way of telling the UN: 'We hate you.'" John Poindexter a retired American naval officer and Department of Defense official. He was Deputy National Security Advisor and National Security Advisor for the Reagan administration. He was convicted in April 1990 of multiple felonies as a result of his actions in the Iran-Contra scandal. His convictions were eventually reversed on appeal in 1991. More recently, he served a brief stint as the Director of the DARPA Information Awareness Office for the administration of George W. Bush. Jonathan Pollard a former United States Naval civilian intelligence analyst who was convicted of spying for Israel. 17
Pollard waived the right to trial as part of a plea deal for himself and his wife, pleaded guilty and was convicted on one count of spying for Israel. He received a life sentence in 1987 with a recommendation against parole. He was incarcerated at the federal penitentiary in Marion, Illinois in solitary confinement for seven years, then transferred to Butner Federal Correctional Institution in North Carolina. Israel granted Pollard citizshp. in 1995 but publicly denied that he was an Israeli spy until 1998. Israel now actively lobbies for his release.
Madelaine Albright The first woman to become the United States Secretary of State o Appointed December 5, 1996 by President Bill o Unanimously confirmed by the Senate by a vote of 99-0 o Not a natural-born citizen, not eligible as a President Successor o Influenced American policy in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Middle East o Represented US in the Handover of Hong Kong on July 1, 1997 o 1998 NATO Summit- Albright penned the "Three Ds" or Nato No diminution of NATO, No discrimination, No duplication
o Meet with Kim Jong-Il, Norht Korean communist leader in 2000 Appointed US ambassador to the United Nations o Controversy with the Rwanda genocide/massacres o Controversy in defending the UN sanctions against Iraq Madrid Conference October 30, 1991- lasted for 3 days Attempt by the international community for peace between Israel and Palestine, as well as Arab countries Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan Hosted by government of Spain Co-sponsored by US and USSR Result of 1991 Gulf War Purpose was negotiation, not to force solutions Key players: President George H.W. Bush, US Secretary of State James Baker, Soviet Union
Mahmoud Abbas: 18
Religion: Islam President of the Palestinian National Authority for the Fatah party, 15 January 2005 o Elected to serve until 9 January 2009, he unilaterally extended his term for another year. Rival political party Hamas announced it would not recognize the extension. He is the chairman of the PLO, since 11 November 2004 Abbas served as the first Prime Minister of the Palestinian Authority from March to October 2003 when he resigned citing lack of support from Israel and the United States as well as "internal incitement" against his government. Before being named prime minister, Abbas led the PLO's Negotiations Affairs Department. Abbas' term ended on 9 January 2009, though he has extended it. He is disputed by Abdel Aziz Duwaik as President by the Hamas government in Gaza. Fatah-Hamas Conflict and Gaza Strip
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad the sixth and current President of the Islamic Republic of Iran. been a critic of the US and Israel, and backs strengthening Iran's relations with Russia, Venezuela, Syria, and the Persian Gulf states. Ahmadinejad has also called for the dissolution of the state of Israel, and calls for free elections in the region. He believes that the Palestinians need a stronger voice in the region's future. In 2005, Ali Khamenei responded to Ahmadinejad's alleged remark that Israel should be "wiped off the map" by saying that "the Islamic Republic has never threatened and will never threaten any country." Ahmadinejad is thought to be a leading contender for Iran's June 12, 2009 presidential election. Mark Twain: Wrote the "Innocents Abroad " and said that if there ever was an "oppressed race", it is the Arabs, who were then suffering under the "inhuman tyranny of the Ottoman empire". Started the idea of Orientalism in the US. Quote below from "Innocents Abroad". These people are naturally goodhearted and intelligent, and with educating and liberty would be a happy and contended race. They often appeal to the stranger to know if the great world will not someday come to their relief and save them. The Sultan has been lavishing money like water in England and Paris, but his subjects are suffering for it now.
Middle East Partnership Initiative Part of US State Department Bureau of Near East Affairs Directed by Elizabeth Cheney to create educational opportunity in the nations of the Middle East at a grassroots level, to promote economic opportunity and help foster private sector development, and to strengthen civil society and the rule of law throughout the region Some sort of foreign policy initiative, I don't really see why it's important Mohammed Khatami President of Iran 1997 to 2005 Running for President in 2009 19
Wanted to make iran more open and "freer" but apparently failed to do this Sounds like he was a reformist president who seems to have been popular Conciliatory foreign policy, rather than confrontation
Muqtada Al-Sadr Son of a well known shi'a cleric Followers are pretty hardline, radical, supposedly responsible for assassinations Opposed proposed Iraqi Constitution Commands strong support in Sadr city (named for his father) Basically he's a radical fundamentalist terrorist leader, key figure in the insurgency opposition in Iraq starting in 2003 Raised the Mahdi Army, several thousand men Apparently he is studying to become an Ayatollah (Shia Cleric) Mordechai Vanunu Israeli nuclear technician, gave details of Israel's nuclear weapons program to press Tried and convicted of treason. Released from prison in 2004. Claims he has been persecuted by Israel for being Christian Considered to be a hero of the nuclear age by some Europeans Worked at Negev Nuclear Research Center Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) Foreign Policy doctrine between the US and USSR during cold war Basically the principle deterrent to nuclear war, because if one side attacked the other with nuclear weapons, the other's reprisal would annihilate the attacking country, resulting in both countries being destroyed. Doctor Strangelove is a movie from the time about the policy Tension from the Cuban Missile Crisis where the soviets attempted to put missiles in Cuba The reason MAD worked was that there would be advance warning of an attack MAD also doesn't really apply to less nuclear capable nations, aka North Korea Could also apply to China, or between Israel and Iran if Iran had nuclear weapons Nancy Pelosi Democrat Speaker of the House Representative from California She's been a major Democratic party leader for at least 10 years. In terms of policies, she was opposed to the Troop Surge in Iraq, a safe bet with her is that she is anti any conservative or Busy policy, Against Iraq War completely She took some trip to the middle east encouraging negotiations with Israel and Syria Apparently she's fairly supportive of Israel for being pretty liberal She has applauded Israeli "hopeful signs" of offering land, while criticizing Palestinian "threats" of not demonstrating peace in turn. Natanz Natanz Nuclear Facility is Iran's central facility for enriching Uranium It has 3800 Centrifuges, equipment for enriching nuclear material UN Security Council economic sanctions are a direct result of Iran refusing to stop enriching 20
International Atomic Energy Agency has frequently inspected Iranian facilities, or at least attempted to do so, they've been blocked several times While it is true that Iran is currently enriching uranium for energy uses, you can draw your own conclusions on whether or not Iran would like to have nuclear weapons
Nixon Doctrine Richard M Nixon 1969-74: Nixon Doctrine - Nov. 3, 1969 (Guam but also Iran) He stated that the United States henceforth expected its allies to take care of their own military defense. The Doctrine argued for the pursuit of peace through a partnership with American allies. The doctrine was also applied by the Nixon administration in the Persian Gulf region, with military aid to Iran and Saudi Arabia, so that these U.S. allies could undertake the responsibility of ensuring peace and stability in the region. Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty: This is a treaty aimed at limiting the spread of nuclear weapons. 189 countries are part of the treaty and five of these countries have nuclear weapons: USA, China, France, Russia and UK. There are four countries that have not signed the treaty: India, Pakistan, Israel and North Korea. There are three main parts to this treaty: non-proliferation, disarmament and peaceful use. Iran has signed the NPT even though it is known that they are developing a nuclear program. They claim it is for peaceful civilian purposes. Oslo Accords The Oslo Accords was the first direct, face-to-face agreement between Israel and political representatives of Palestinians. The Accords were in Oslo, Norway on 20 August 1993, and officially signed at a public ceremony in Washington D.C. on 13 September 1993 in the presence of PLO chairman Yasser Arafat, Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and US President Bill Clinton, with Mahmud Abbas signing for the Palestine Liberation Organization, foreign Minister Shimon Peres for the State of Israel, Secretary of State Warren Christopher for the United States and foreign minister Andrei Kozyrev for Russia. The Oslo Accords were a framework for the future relations between the two parties. The Accords provided for the creation of a Palestinian Authority. The Accords also called for the withdrawal of the Israel Defence Forces from parts of the Gaza Strip and West Bank. It was anticipated that this arrangement would last for a five-year interim period during which a permanent agreement would be negotiated. Permanent issues such as Jerusalem, Palestinian refugees, Israeli settlements, security and borders were deliberately left to be decided at a later stage. Strain was put on the process after Hamas won 2006 Palestinian elections. Although it offered Israel a number of longterm ceasefires and accepted the 2002 Arab Peace Initiative, Hamas has repeatedly refused to officially recognise Israel, to renounce violent resistance, or accept some agreements previously made by the Palestinian Authority.
Paul D Wolfowitz: 21
Former United States Ambassador to Indonesia, U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense in the Bush administration, and President of the World Bank. He is criticized for making false statements that led to the war in Iraq. Rumsfeld and Wolfowitz created a policy that would later be dubbed the Bush Doctrine, centering on "pre-emption", American unilateralism, and the war on Iraq.
POGAR (UNDP): Program of governance in the Arab Region. This is a UN development program. There are three principal themes of governance: participation, rule of law, transparency and accountability. President Hosni Mubarak: Born May 4, 1928, is the current Egyptian President from October 1981 to present, following the assassination of President Anwar Al Sadat. Mubarak is the longest serving President of the Egyptian Republic (28 years in 2009). Mubarak re-gained admission for Egypt into the Arab League in 1989, after Egypt was suspended from the League by Sadat's peace treaty with Israel. Remained committed to the peace treaty with Israel signed in 1979 by Sadat. Instituted a vigorous economic recovery program Initiated a policy called positive neutrality towards the great powers. First Persian Gulf War: Egypt was member of allied coalition in 1991 Persian Gulf War , orchestrated Arab League opposition to the invasion, and because of its assistance, the US, Gulf States, and Europe forgave Egypt approx $20 billion worth of debt. Cracked down on Muslim fundamentalist opposition groups after an upsurge in guerrilla violence by Islamic extremists in 1993, after reelected. Has survived six assassination attempts. Spoke out against 2003 Iraq War, arguing that Israeli-Palestinian conflict should be resolved first. Has very strong views about the Palestine issue. Mubarak is against Hamas as he saw as a source of danger to his authority due to link to Islamic movement in Egypt. Preventative vs preemptive war: War initiated under the belief that future conflict is inevitable, though not imminent. Preventive war aims to forestall a shift in the balance of power by strategically attacking before the balance of power has a chance to shift in the direction of the adversary. Preemptive war is waged in an attempt to repel or defeat a perceived inevitable offensive or invasion, or to gain a strategic advantage in an impending (allegedly unavoidable) war before that threat materializes. Preventive war is considered an act of aggression and an illegal war by international law whereas preemptive war is more justified. The Israeli offensive in the Six Day war in 1967 is considered a preemptive war. The Bush administration claims that the Iraq war is a preemptive war because of the grave threat posed by Sadaam Hussein Quartet on the Middle East: US, Russia, European Union and the UN. This quartet is meant to mediate the Israeli- Palestine conflict. Established in 2002. 22
Reagan Doctrine: The policy to support anti-communist insurgents wherever they may be. It was aimed at curbing the Soviet communist influence. The policy called for pushing back the influence of the Soviets contrary to the policy of Truman which was containment. This policy was one of the main reasons the Cold War came to an end. Richard Perle: American political advisor and lobbyist who worked for the Reagan administration as an assistant Secretary of Defense and worked on the Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee from 1987 to 2004. Was Chairman of the Board from 2001 to 2003 under the Bush Administration. A neo-conservative and is a contributor to many conservative think tanks. An active supporter of Israel and is seen as a controversial figure because some feel he represents too much of Israels interests. Came under fire in 1983 when newspapers reported he received substantial payments to represent the interests of an Israeli weapons company. Sabra and Shatila (massacre) Location: West Beirut, Lebanon Date: Sept. 16-18,1982 Attack type: Massacre Deaths: 328 to 3,500 Perpetrator(s): Kataeb Party militia under Elie Hobeika Massacre of Palestinians and Lebanese civilians by Christian Phalangists in the Sabra and Shatila refugee camps Main players involved were: o Elie Hobeika, commander of the Christian Phalangist militia and, later, a long-serving member of the Lebanese Parliament o Lt. General Rafael Eitan, the Chief-of-Staff for the Israeli Defense Force, and o Ariel Sharon, Israel's Minister of Defense in 1982. Shatila was a Palestinian refugee camp on the outskirts of the Lebanese capital of Beirut that was set up in 1949 for those fleeing the civil strife in Palestine. Sabra was a poor, majority-Shiite neighborhood, adjacent to Shatila, which became synonymous with that refugee camp as the two populations' swelled and became intermingled; they were often referred to simply as, "Sabra and Shatila". A major outcry erupted both in Israel and internationally, because the Sabra and Shatila camps had been under the control of IDF. The Israeli government established the Kahan Commission to investigate, and it subsequently found Israel indirectly responsible for the event. Although Bachir Gemayel was the head of the political party that Israel had supported for years (the Phalangists), his party had also developed a relationship with Syria, which was the sworn enemy of Israel; as a result, in a surprise move, Gemayel refused to sign a peace treaty with Israel, nor would he authorize further operations to expel the PLO from Lebanon. Bachir Gemayel was assassinated on September 14, 1982, in an explosion outside his headquarters as later discovered, allegedly the target of a plot by Syrian Intelligence. 23
In response to President Gemayel's assassination, the IDF met with Phalangist militia outside Sabra and Shatila, there devising a plan that called for the IDF to surround the community and secure the perimeter while roughly 1,500 militiamen scoured the structures within the IDF cordon for any remaining PLO fighters.
Saddam Hussein Head of Iraqi Intelligence Service (1963) Vice President of the Republic of Iraq (19681979) 5th President of the Republic of Iraq (19792003) 57th & 61st Prime Minister of the Republic of Iraq (19791991 and 19942003) Head of the Iraqi Revolutionary Command Council (19792003) Religion: Islam (Sunni) Leading member of the revolutionary Ba'ath Party, which espoused secular pan-Arabism, economic modernization, and Arab socialism, Saddam played a key role in the 1968 coup that brought the party to long-term power. He established Iraq's secret police force and used it effectively to eliminate political opposition to Baath party rule. Soon after acceding to the Presidency, he invaded Iran and began a bloody war that killed untold thousands and ended in stalemate eight years later. He then turned his military against his own people, the rebellious Kurds, by indiscriminately dropping chemical weapons on civilians. August of 1990, he once again flexed his military muscle by invading Kuwait and systematically destroying that country In the West, the image of Saddam Hussein went through a dramatic change, from being one of Europe's and USA's favorites into becoming the most negatively presented dictator in the world- mostly bc of invasion and occupation of Kuait. Although not regarded as a religious man, he took a more active interest in Islam during the war and called for a "holy war" against the Allied forces. Many of the P.O.W.'s captured by the Americans stateded their total hatred for Hussein and these feelings are certain to be felt amongst some of the officers in his Army. Saddam was placed at the top of the U.S. list of "most-wanted Iraqis." In July 2003 On December 14, 2003, U.S. announcement that Saddam Hussein had been captured On June 30, 2004, Saddam Hussein, held in custody by U.S. forces at the U.S. base "Camp Cropper," along with 11 other senior Baathist leaders, were handed over legally (though not physically) to the interim Iraqi government to stand trial for alleged "crimes against humanity" and other offences. On November 5, 2006, Saddam Hussein was found guilty of crimes against humanity and sentenced to death by hanging. Was executed (hanged) on December 30, 2006 Seymour M Hersh A United States Pulitzer Prize-winning investigative journalist and author based in Washington, D.C. Also a regular contributor to The New Yorker magazine on military and security matters. In 2004, he gained notoriety for publishing the first reports of detainee mistreatment at the hands of U.S. military personnel at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq. In 2005, Hersh stirred controversy when he published an article in The New Yorker that alleged the U.S. was conducting covert military operations in Iran in order to identify possible 24
nuclear targets for destruction. He also claimed that the U.S. was engaged in the planning of future attacks on Iran, aimed at crippling their nuclear /missile-defense capabilities. Finally, in 2006, Hersh charged the White House with giving Israel the "green-light" to plan and execute a military response to the mounting threat of Hezbollah in southern Lebanon. The U.S. Government has denied that there is any truth to the allegations made by Seymour Hersh, but his articles continue to intrigue the public and foment debate.
Shimon Peres The 9th, as well as the current, President of the State of Israel. Peres served twice as the Prime Minister of Israel, once as the Interim Prime Minister, and he has been a member of twelve cabinets during a career that spans 66 years. FOR OUR PURPOSES, he won the Nobel Peace Prize for his role in the Oslo Accords of 1994; he was the Israeli Foreign Minister who secretly opened negotiations with Yasser Arafat and the PLO, despite the professed opposition of his political superior, Yitzhak Rabin. Formerly a stalwart of the Israeli Labor Party, Peres announced his switch to the Kadima Party in November of 2005: he remains a member. "Soft power"(Joe Nye) "Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics." [Soft power] is the ability to get what you want through attraction rather than coercion or payments. It arises from the attractiveness of a country's culture, political ideals, and policies. When our policies are seen as legitimate in the eyes of others, our soft power is enhanced. Nye's works on the soft power elements of international diplomacy have achieved great authoritative stature and are having an increasingly visible impact on U.S. foreign policy. Joseph Nye- (3 kinds of power) military, economic, and soft Soft power- persuasion, legitimacy, and moral example Soft power is needed for tackling many major problems, including WOT. Increasingly important with ever faster, deeper communications associated with globalization. The Straits of Tiran Narrow sea passage 8 miles wide between the Sinai and Arabian peninsulas Separates the Gulf of Aqaba from the red sea Maintained free for navigation under the Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty Access to Jordan's only seaport of Aqaba Access to Israel's only seaport of Eilat in the Indian Ocean Egypt blocking the straits to Israeli ships was a catalyst to Six-Day War in 1967 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Strait_tiran_83.jpg http://www.answers.com/topic/straits-of-tiran Tal Afar A town in northwestern Iraq with a mixed population of Arabic- and Turkish-speaking Sunni and Shi'a Muslims. It gained notoriety following the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003 as a stronghold of the Iraqi insurgency and a hotbed of sectarian violence. In 2005, in an effort to quell the bloodshed, the U.S. military carried out Operation Restoring Rights, in which a new strategy of "clear, hold, and build" was employed: an area would be 25
purged of insurgents, occupied for a short time, and then rebuilt, in order to win support from local inhabitants, before being returned to the Iraqi Security Forces (ISF). Following the end of Operation Restoring Rights, Tal Afar was rebuilt in a matter of weeks: from damaged sewer drains to destroyed storefronts, everything was repaired. The success of the reconstruction effort in 2005 prompted President Bush, in 2006, to point to Tal Afar as an American success story, where one could "see the outlines of the Iraq we've been fighting for."
Tony Blair Elected the leader of the British Labour Party in 1994; the radical departure from traditional Labour Party principles spurred many to dub the Party under Blair's leadership, the New Labour Party. Though he enjoyed a warm relationship with President Clinton during the latter's time in office, Blair was even more outspoken in his support of President Bush, especially in matters of foreign policy. Often referred to as Bush's "poodle", and the "U.S. foreign minister", Blair greatly damaged his credibility in the eyes of the U.K. public by supporting President Bush in nearly every facet of foreign policy. It is widely held that his bid for reelection was denied due to this long-standing association with the unpopular American president. Also, before Blair took control of the Labour Party there had been a strong-willed group of antiIsraeli MPs that had long been averse to any overt support of the State of Israel; all that changed, however, in 1994, as Blair has often publicized his belief in the need for a democratic state such as Israel in the volatile Middle East. Tower Commission Commissioned on November 26, 1986 by President Ronald Reagan in response to the IranContra Scandal. Taking effect on December 1 of that year, President Reagan appointed Senator John Tower, former Secretary of State Edmund Muskie, and former National Security Advisor Brent Scowcroft to review the facts of the Scandal, and to determine a judicious course of action to follow in response. The Commission determined that President Reagan did not take part in the scandal, but it did criticize him for his ignorance regarding the actions of his representatives. The single most important result of the Tower Commission was the consensus reached by its members that the President should invest more trust/power in the National Security Advisor; Reagan's greatest flaw was his inability to trust his cabinet and advisors: ever the conservative, he favored secret-keeping and compartmentalization of tasks to openness and an integration of political ideals. Thenceforth, the National Security Advisor was to be seen as an "honest broker", rather than someone who would use his position of power to further a political agenda, which is what caused Reagan to be so untrusting of those around him. Truman Doctrine This doctrine wanted to help other countries financially and give them military assistance in order to prevent them from being taken over by communism. To be more specific Greece and Turkey in the amount of 400,000,000 dollars. 26
USS Liberty The USS Liberty incident was an attack on a neutral United States Navy technical research ship, USS Liberty, by Israeli jet fighter planes and motor torpedo boats on June 8, 1967, during the Six-Day War. The combined air and sea attack killed 34 and wounded more than 170 crew members, and damaged the ship severely. The ship was in international waters north of the Sinai Peninsula. Shortly after the attack ended, Israel informed the U.S. that its forces had attacked the Liberty in error -- a friendly fire incident. The Israeli forces attacked with full knowledge that this was an American ship and lied about it. Despite a near-universal consensus that the Israeli attack was made with full knowledge that USS Liberty was a US Navy ship, the Johnson administration began an immediate cover-up of this fact. Though administration officers continued individually to characterize the attack as deliberate, the Johnson administration never sought the prosecution of the guilty parties or otherwise attempted to seek justice for the victims. They concealed and altered evidence in their effort to downplay the attack. Though they never formally accepted the Israeli explanation that it was an accident, they never pressed for a full investigation either. They simply allowed those responsible literally to get away with murder. UN General Assembly Resolution 194 1948; dealt with the situation in Palestine at the end of the 1948 Arab-Israeli war called for the protection of and free access to the Holy Places, demilitarization and UN control over Jerusalem, free access to Jerusalem, and the return of refugees established the United Nations Conciliation Commission to facilitate peace in the region most articles largely ignored today, esp. with regards to refugees United States Information Agency (USIA) existed 1953-1999 purpose described alternately as "public diplomacy" and a source of propaganda UISA library in Cairo burned down in 1964 by Egyptian students, causing LBJ to threaten suspension of US aid when Nasser refused to apologize UISA office in Jordan stormed and set on fire by Palestinians in 1970 after the failure of the Rogers Plan War Powers Act 1973 law allowing the President to send US troops into combat only w/ authorization of Congress or if the US is already under attack requiring the President to notify Congress within 48 hours of deploying armed forces, and limiting military involvement to 60 days with Congressional authorization of use of force or a declaration of war; passed in reaction to lengthy engagements in Vietnam and Korea without declaration of war Congress overrode Nixon's veto to pass Act; generally disregarded by Presidents since 27
Washington Institute for Near East Policy pro-Israeli think tank founded in 1985 by Martin Indyk (AIPAC member) members have served in administrations of H.W. Bush, Clinton, W. Bush, and Obama WINEP member Dennis Ross and Indyk were among Clinton's closest advisers at the Camp David summit in July 2000 they supported the Oslo peace process and favored the creation of a Palestinian state, but only within the limits of what would be acceptable to Israel Indyk formulated policy of dual containment of Iran and Iraq at WINEP in 1993 supported regime change in Syria in 2003 World Trade Organization (WTO) created in 1955 to supervise and liberalize international trade neither Iraq or Iran are members, Kuwait and Egypt are among the Middle East members [I couldn't find much information on the WTO related to the course material]
Yassir Arafat Chairman of the PLO (1969-2004) President of the Palestinian National Authority (1994-2004) founder/leader of Fatah (1959-2004) was involved in the Madrid Conference of 1991, the 1993 Oslo Accords and the 2000 Camp David Summit received Nobel Peace Prize for Oslo work in 2004 after being held under something like house arrest by Israelis for two years, he fell sick and into a coma and died; Yitzhak Rabin Prime Minister of Israel twice (1974 1977 and 1992 4 November 1995) was the Defense Minister and Chief of Staff for the Israeli Defense Forces, and under his command, the IDF achieved victory over Egypt, Syria and Jordan in the Six-Day War in 1967 after war became ambassador to the US for five years o first term: defeated Peres for PM, made Sinai Interim Agreement with Egypt which was a big step towards Camp David Accords, resigned when Labor Party was defeated; his rule was least active period of settlement construction in history of the occupation, between terms and during the First Intifada he was the Defense Minister his "Iron Fist" policy gave him the reputation of "bone breaker," eventually forced to talk peace with the PLO instead of using violence o second term: re-elected to Labor Party over Peres, signed Oslo Accords with Arafat (Clinton Admin) he recognized the PLO officially with Accords; was assassinated by a radical right-wing orthodox Jew opposed to the Oslo Accords on Nov 4 1995
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"youth bulge" : theory described first by Gary Fuller (1995); Gunnar Heinsohn (2003) argues that an excess in especially young adult male population predictably leads to social unrest, war and terrorism, as the "third and fourth sons" that find no prestigious positions in their existing societies rationalize their impetus to compete by religion or political ideology linked to terrorist uprisings The Middle East and North Africa are currently experiencing a prominent youth bulge; around 65% of the regional population is under the age of 30. Though the Middle East has invested more in education than most other regions, that education has not led to higher levels of employment, and youth unemployment is currently at 25%, the highest of any single region; Of this 25%, over half are first time entrants into the job market. Yom Kippur/Ramadan/October War October 6 to October 26, 1973 All synonyms: Yom Kippur War, Ramadan War, October War AKA 1973 Arab-Israeli War and the Fourth Arab-Israeli War Key players: a coalition of Arab states (led by Egypt and Syria) against Israel. War began with a surprise attack against Israel by Egypt and Syria on Yom Kippur Yom Kippur is the Jewish "Day of Atonement"- a meaningful day to Jewish people of Israel Started with an Egyptian/Syrian advantage, but Israel quickly turned the tables, and it ended with a United Nations Cease-fire The Camp David Accords (President Jimmy Carter, 1978) lead to the return to a normal relationship between Egypt and Israel The first time an Arab country recognized Israel as a State
Zbigniew Brzezinski Counselor and Trustee, Center for Strategic and International Studies Former National Security Adviser to President Carter
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