Information MISA
Management Systems Association
MIS111 Review Session - 3
ERP Enterprise Resource Management
"Inside the walls" Management
Customer Relationship Management
Customer-facing Management
Supply Chain Management
Vendor-facing Management
Supply Chain: procurement of raw materials, processing materials, and delivering goods Processing goods also known as manufacturing Supply Chain Management: monitoring, controlling, facilitating supply chains IT helps scheduling, planning, allocating, analyzing manufacturing operations
Inventory turns: the number of times the business sells its inventory When SCM of companies are not linked, supplier requirements unknown so companies must overstock inventory
Classic Problem: Bullwhip Effect
One company sits with lean inventory while other stands, hence musical chairs
Large variations in demand in the supply chain Assume flat consumer demand Increasing amplitude fluctuations in frequency, size and composition in the supply chain Impact of the Bullwhip Effect Excessive inventory, Poor customer service Ineffective transportation use, Misused manufacturing capacity Lost revenues
Price promotions
Analysis of the cost of money
Batch Purchasing
Discounting for consolidated orders
Forecasting/Trend Analysis
Anticipated increased demand
Shortage gaming
Anticipated shortages encourages inflates order quantities
Goal: Integrated View of Customer
Sales, Finance, and Customer Service
Operational CRM
Sales Force Automation eCommerce / Web Portals
Customer Service
Call Centers Campaign Management
Analytical CRM
Personalization Segmentation and Profiling
Customer Valuation (Profitability Analysis) Customer Behavior Analysis / Call Patterns
Need Analysis and Forecasting
Targeted Marketing: promotes products to people most likely to purchase them Spam a cheap method of advertising involving sending mass e-mail communications
CAN-SPAM: Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited
Pornography and Marketing Act of 2003
Telemarketing: marketing over the telephone
Computer telephony integration: allows computer to
use telephone line as input
Project management is the application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to a broad range of activities in order to meet the requirements of the particular project.
Business activities organized projects represents:
An investment of over $2,300 Billion each year in the United States Nearly 25% of the world-wide GNP (gross national products), or about
US$ 10,000 Billion of a $40,700 GNP
More than 16 million people employed by businesses regard their profession as project management
Project managers can earn more than $82,000 per year
A project is a temporary endeavor undertaken to achieve a particular goal
A project must have a unique purpose A project must have a fixed lifespan
A project requires resources, often from various
areas A project should have a Primary Sponsor A project involves uncertainty
Time
The duration and timing (inter-dependencies) of each
component or phase of the project.
Cost
The financial cost of all the inputs into the project, which
should include costs for planning, control, and concluding as well as costs for execution. Costs for proposing projects are often included on other budget categories and aren't considered part of the project cost.
Scope
All the tasks to be completed as part of the project, often
represented as a Work Breakdown Structure (WBS).
Strategic Alignment
Can you articulate your companies' strategic
direction? What is it? Is there a direct correlation between the project and corporate strategy? (goals and objectives)
Risk
How certain are the numbers? What is the payback period? Fixing problems with Mythical Man-Month
Without a good proposal, your project won't be (at least, shouldn't be!) approved, and there will be no project. The proposal is where you weigh the costs, benefits, risks, and possible impacts. The proposal is the first decision point in whether a project will go forward with management and stakeholder buy-in
Visual Diagrams are used extensively as communications tools, such as search engines and digital dashboards. Tools commonly used specifically for Project Management include:
Gantt Charts Pert Charts Timelines Hierarchical Diagrams
Strengths
Readily Comprehended by lay personnel with minimal
project management experience Software to create Gantt Charts is readily available Shows project timelines and can include hierarchical detail (relationships) about the project project Incorportate all three three of the Triple Constraints (Time, Resources, and Scope) on one diagram What else do you see as benefits of Gantt Charts?
A designer's mental representation of how an object works and how to convey that to the user The Design Model guides the designer to use controls and appearances properly
affordances, constraints and crucial distinctions
Spreadsheets allow budgets to be calculated, revised, and communicated (recall our discussion on Business Modeling)
2006 Nov Expenditures SW Development Hardware Software Hosting Training Total Person-Hours Mark Patton Sue (marketing) Sam (finance) Sherry (IT) Tom (management) Total Dec 2007 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Total
$ 20,000 $ 20,000 $ 20,000 $ 10,000 $ 5,000 $ 5,000 $ 5,000 $ 65,000 $ 20,000 $ 2,000 $ 2,000 $ 2,000 $ 2,000 $ 2,000 $ 2,000 $ 2,000 $ $ 15,000 $ 2,000 $ $ $ 80,000 $ 40,000 $ 22,000 $ 22,000 $ 12,000 $ 7,000 $ 7,000 $ 7,000 $ 4,000 $
$ 85,000 2,000 $ 2,000 $ 2,000 $105,000 $ 15,000 2,000 $ 2,000 $ 2,000 $ 8,000 15,000 $ 15,000 $ 15,000 $ 45,000 19,000 $ 19,000 $ 19,000 $258,000
40 8 2 5 8 63
60 8 2 20 8 98
60 8 2 20 8 98
40 8 2 20 8 78
40 8 2 5 8 63
40 8 2 5 8 63
40 8 60 5 8 121
80 8 2 5 8 103
100 8 2 20 8 138
80 8 2 20 8 118
60 8 60 5 8 141
60 8 2 5 8 83
700 96 140 135 96 1167
A Gantt Chart for major project activities
2006
2007 Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov
ID 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Task Name Project Identification Project Proposal Project Planning Project Execution Project Execution Complete Project Wrapup Final Report Due
Start 8/28/2006 9/18/2006
Finish 9/15/2006 10/13/2006
Duration
Sep Oct Nov
15d 20d 24d 191d 0d 25d 0d 25d 0d
10/16/2006 11/16/2006 11/17/2006 8/13/2007 8/13/2007 9/17/2007 8/10/2007 8/13/2007 9/14/2007 9/17/2007 10/19/2007
Final Presentation Preperation, 9/17/2007 Final report Edits Final Project Presentation
11/14/2007 11/14/2007
Pert Program Evaluation Review Technique
Project Identification 8/25/2006 Actual Start 9/15/2006 Actual Finish Project Planning 10/16/2006 Actual Start 11/16/2006 Actual Finish Project Wrapup 8/13/2007 Actual Start 9/14/2007 Actual Finish
Project Proposal 9/18/2006 Actual Start 10/13/2006 Actual Finish
Project Execution 11/17/2006 Actual Start 8/10/2007 Actual Finish
Final Presentation Preparation, Final report Edits 9/17/2007 Actual Start 10/19/2007 Actual Finish
9.15.2006 Assignment I Due
11.17.2006 - 8.10.2007 Project Execution
11.14.2007 Final Proposal Presentation
Sep-06 8/28/2006
Oct-06
Nov-06
Dec-06
Jan-07
Feb-07
Mar-07
Apr-07
May-07
Jun-07
Jul-07
Aug-07
Sep-07
Oct-07
Nov-07 11/14/2007
9.15.2006 Assignment I Due
10.13.2006 Assignment II Due
11.16.2006 Assignment III Due
Aug-06 - Sep-06 Project Identification Sep-06 8/28/2006
Sep-06 - Oct-06 Project Proposal Oct-06
Oct-06 - Nov-06 Project Planning Nov-06 11/17/2006
Project [0] [dur = 100 days]
Business Plan [1] [dur = 71 days]
Launch [1.1] [dur = 3 days]
Plan [1.2] [dur = 10 days]
Research [1.3] [dur = 10 days]
Design [1.4] [dur = 1 day]
Feasibility [1.5] [dur = 3 days]
Write plan [1.6] [dur = 40 days]
Wrap-up [1.7] [dur = 4 days]
Economic [1.5.1] [dur = 1 day]
Legal [1.5.2] [dur = 1 day]
Human factors [1.5.3] [dur = 1 day]
Gather Data [1.2.1] [dur = 3 days]
Draft Proposal [1.2.2] [dur = 5 days]
Present Proposal [1.2.3] [dur = 2 days]
Write Marketing [1.6.1] [dur = 5 days]
Economics [1.6.2] [dur = 15 days]
Conclusion & Summary [1.6.3] [dur = 8 days]
Review & Proof [1.6.4] [dur = 2 days]
A user's mental representation of how an object works and how to interact with it People have preconceived models that you may not be able to change Pushing a button starts a process Dragging files to a trash can deletes them turning a "knob" opens things The user interface should match the user's mental model
Affordances
Are physical properties (shape, texture, color, etc.)
Complex things may need explaining, but simple things should not
of an object that show functionality Their appearance shows the use how to use the object without the need for words, labels, instructions, etc. the user know what to do instinctively examples: chair, scissors, staple remover, "buttons" (clickable), knobs, doors, British Rail partition
Constraints
limits possibilities
examples: scissors, menu systems, Wizards,
option boxes, drop-down list boxes, check boxes
Crucial distinctions
examples: fuse box, salt and pepper shakers,
hyperlink text
A is metaphor a an image or understanding of an object or action, used to describe another thing. Ex: physical world to digital
physical analogies (e.g., trash, spreadsheet, file
cabinet) cultural standards (e.g., color, words)
Helps reduce cognitive load for user Use of metaphors in design should be based on an understanding of user's model Communicate that metaphor to the user through the User Interface
Causality
users often assume that the thing that happens right
False causality
after an action was caused by that action
incorrect effect
starting up an unfamiliar application just as computer crashes causes "superstitious" behaviors
invisible effect
command with no apparent result often re-entered repeatedly e.g., mouse click to raise menu on unresponsive system or get to internet link
Visibility of System Status Connect the System to Expectations from the Real World User Control and Freedom Consistency & Standards Error Prevention Use Recognition Rather Than Recall Provide Flexibility and Efficiency of Use Help Users Recognize, Diagnose, and Recover From Errors Contextual Help and Documentation
**See Lecture 23 Slides 33-43 for further details
Determine site goals Analyze your audience Analyze the "competition" Know your own abilities and resources Map the current site Design your new site
Parallels to SDLC Model Make sure you understand your audience- who and what Test usability
Symmetrical Balance
Asymmetrical Balance
Radial Balance
Decide where everything should be placed Color and Contrast
Light Background with Dark Text Dark Background with Light Text
White Space = good because:
Absence of "visual clutter" Helps readers scan/find info quickly Avoids "information overload" syndrome
Accessibility is a subset of usability Usable Accessibility - Technical aspects should not be emphasized at the expense of the human interaction aspect Many design aspects that are good for general usability are required for accessibility Functional and situational limitations
Complaints
Visual Disabilities, Auditory Disabilities, Motor Disabilities, Cognitive Disabilities
Definition Rehabilitation Act Amendments of 1998 Strengthened Section 508
Electronic & Information Technology Accessibility Standards Expanded Definition of Accessibility in the Design of EIT Procured by the Federal Government IMPACT
Provides a Private Right of Action Against Federal Agencies Provides a Marketplace Incentive for Designing Accessibly
Informs Entities Covered under ADA and Section 504
Simpler development and maintenance Compatibility with future web browsers Faster download and rendering of web
pages Better search engine rankings Separate content from presentation Semantic markup Better accessibility
How does data networking create strategic advantage for businesses?
Better business communication Geographical distance irrelevant (Globalization) Greater efficiency and access to information Information becomes immediately available Flexible and mobile workforce Alternative information delivery channels
End systems (hosts):
run application programs e.g. Web, email
Peer-to-Peer model:
No fixed clients or servers Each host can act as both client & server
Examples: Napster, Gnutella, KaZaA
at "edge of network"
Client/server model
client host requests, receives
service from always-on server e.g. Web browser/server; email client/server
Client/server model is applicable in an intranet.
Home Networks
ADSL or cable modem Router/firewall/NAT
Switch/Hub
Wireless access point
Local Area Network (LAN)
shared or dedicated link connects end system and router
10 Mbs, 100Mbps, Gigabit Ethernet
*Company or University local area network (LAN) connects end system to edge router
Wide Area Network (WAN)
Spans a large geographic area, e.g., a country or a continent A WAN consists of several transmission lines and routers
Internet is an example of a WAN
Wireless LANs & WANs
Roughly hierarchical At center: "tier-1" ISPs (e.g., UUNet, BBN/Genuity, Sprint, AT&T), national/international coverage
Treat each other as equals Tier-1 providers interconnect (peer) privately
Tier-1 providers also interconnect at public network access points (NAPs)
"Tier-2" ISPs: smaller (often regional) ISPs
Connect to one or more tier-1 ISPs, possibly other tier-2 ISPs
Tier-2 ISP pays tier-1 ISP for connectivity to rest of Internet
tier-2 ISP is customer of tier-1 provider Tier-2 ISPs also peer privately with each other, interconnect at NAP
A packet passes through many networks!
Signals used to send messages can be:
Analog data is in continuous waveforms Digital data is in discrete pulses (0's & 1's)
Bandwidth the amount of data that can be transmitted through a given communications channel
Analog measured in cycles per second (Hz) Digital measured in bits per second (bps)
Broadband any transmission medium that transports high volumes (typically megabits) of data at high speeds
POTS (or plain old telephone service) is basic voicegrade, analog telephone service Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN): first technology developed using a DSL protocol; offers bandwidths up to 256 Kbps. Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL): offers transmission speeds ranging from Kbps to Mbps. Cable Modems: data networks over cable TV systems Dedicated T1 or T3 connections: often used by businesses and large organizations; much more expensive than POTS or ISDN connections.
Twisted-pair cables
Category 3 cable: the type of twisted-pair cable that telephone companies use
to transmit voice signals cable, easy to install
Category 5 cable: carries signals between 10 and 100 times faster than coaxial
Coaxial cable: Much faster than Category 3 UTP cable, but more expensive and harder to install Fiber-optic cable: most expensive type of cable; transmits pulsing beams of light through very thin strands of glass or plastic, has the fastest transmission rate and highest immunity to noise
TWISTED-PAIR
COAXIAL FIBER-OPTIC
Wireless transmission media refers to the methods of carrying data through the air using infrared, radio, or microwave signals
Wireless Technologies
Short-range: Bluetooth (Very Short Range)
Wireless LANs: 802.11, WiFi
Cellular Telephone Networks Long-range: Microwaves, Satellite
Bluetooth Slow Low Power Short range Flexible Cable replacement IEEE 802.11 Fast (11b) High Power Long range Single-purpose Ethernet replacement Easily Available
802.11 has 11 channels Channels 1, 6, and 11 are non-overlapping Each AP coverage area is called a "cell" Wireless nodes can roam between cells
Differences from wired link ....
Decreasing signal strength: radio signal attenuates as it
propagates through matter (path loss)
Interference from other sources: standardized wireless network
frequencies (e.g., 2.4 GHz) shared by other devices (e.g., phone); devices (motors) interfere as well
Multi-path propagation: radio signal reflects off objects ground,
arriving at destination at slightly different times .... make communication across (even a point to point) wireless link much more "difficult"
Microwaves are focused radio waves
Microwave signals travel in a straight line Long distance terrestrial data link stations are typically 30+ miles apart Stations must have an unobstructed line-of-sight
Satellites microwave relay stations in outer space
Most satellites used for data communication are positioned in geosynchronous orbits (about 36,000 km) that appear to be stationary from earth
Need unobstructed line-of-sight: No physical barriers between transmitter and receiver Have no right-of-way issues: Links can be rapidly deployed across difficult terrain
Convergence = The coming together of two or more
disparate disciplines or technologies. For example, the socalled fax revolution was produced by a convergence of: telecommunications technology optical scanning technology printing technology.
Single Media Can:
Voice Communication Instant Messaging Camera /Audio / Streaming Video Handheld Computer GPS-based Navigation
Telemedicine = Use of electronic information and communication technologies to provide and support health care when distance separates the participants Principles: Is only a tool (like a stethoscope) Must be physician directed Must be integrated into established clinical operations and routines Traditional physician-patient relationships must be preserved
Video conference system Cameras each end TV screens/computers each end Various medical peripherals High-speed Data connection
T-1 line or ISDN VSAT Satellite Broadband Internet
Outsourcing (Recall SDLC Model)
Custom Developed Solution Software Installation and Configuration Software Maintenance and Support
Software Licensing
Commercial Off The Shelf Packages (COTS)
Application Service Provider (ASP) Hosted
Hardware and/or Software Solutions
End-user Developed Solutions