Week INDV102-092 #5 questions It is okay for me to send you grades over email. Mitsunobu Matsuzaki 1: What are the four means by which Navajo sandpaintings are believed to work in healing? 2: Identify the two events that dominated the story of the expansion of trade after 1400 and explain why each of these played a significant role in the redistribution of wealth at this time. 3: What was the cost of the expansion of European trade to the people of the Americas? Be sure to explain this in depth and provide example to show that you understand what you are speaking about. 4: What impact did Europeans have on the Cherokee Indians of North Carolina? Consider changes in Cherokee social life, settlement patterns, subsistence patterns, and political system. 5: Explain the reasons for the industrial revolution in England and the emergence of the capitalist economy. 1: The four means by sandpaintings are believed to work in healing are the following way: (1) The sandpaintings assist the patient in healing through summoning the holy people. (2) The supernatural penetrates the patient's healing power, and sandpaintings absorb the illness from the patient seated on them. (3) Sandpaintings identify the power of the fine holy people with the patient's healing power. (4) Mythic time of space is healed at the time of the ceremony and the patient steps into the other mythic reality in which healing miracle can occur are normal. 2: It is that China decreased overseas trade drastically, and Portugal could start new routes to trade with other countries after Vasco da Gama sailed to the southern Africa, and Columbus discovered the Americas. After then, Portugal was at the center of world trade because the location of Portugal was the edge of Mediterranean and western African countries and the New Continent were located on the coast of the Atlantic; in other words, Portugal did not need to sail the Mediterranean. At that time, the Mediterranean was in charge of Italy and Islamic countries, and the Portuguese ships had to pay a high passage-money each time they traveled the Suez Canal because they had no choice to sail to India or China via the waterway. As a result of discovering the new routes, Portugal did not have to pay money to sail to India or China Moreover, Portugal profited a lot because there were a lot of resources as gold, silver, and spice
in the Americas. On the other hand, at that time, the capital of Chinese reigning dynasty moved to the inland, and its strong navy was gradually weakening. As a result, China decreased the world trade, and Japan took the opportunity to increase trade with Southeast Asia. Around 1500, Japan traded heavily with china. In the fifteenth century, Japan was beginning spreading trade with the areas withdrawn by China. 3: The cost of the expansion of European trade to the people of the Americas is people. For example, before coming to the Europeans, there were 25.3 million people in Central America, but the population decreased until about 759,000 in a little more than a century after the Europeans appeared in the Americas. Consequently, the aboriginal population of the Americas decreased till about 95 to 98 percent. At that time, there were 45 million in Europe; the population in France was 20 million, and even Portugal had the population of 1 million. As the Americas are larger than Europe, it is undoubtable that from50 million to 100 million people lived in the Americas before the arrival of the Europeans. According to the report of Sherburne Cook and Woodrow Borah, Hispaniola, which was located in central West Indies, had about the population of 27,800 in more than twenty years after coming to the Europeans, and an estimated population was at least 2 million before coming to the Europeans; as a result, the population was reduced by 99.5 percent. 4: In social life, the Cherokee men were engaging in agricultural activities. After the Europeans came to the Americas, it was most important for them to trade with Europeans because the European economy changed their social life. As for men, trade outweighed tasks of agriculture; as a result, women had to do all their household chores and agricultural activities. The Cherokee originally maintained self-sufficiency, the but product like rum from the British in trade attracted them, they got addicted to alcohol and contracted a debt. Consequently, it is likely that alcohol
and products which they could not produce spoiled their society. In fact, there still have problems of unemployment and an alcohol addict in their society. In settlement pattern, the Cherokee built a large town and all their land was a communal property. After the Europeans appeared in the Americas, they lived in a village and attached an importance to private property rather than to community of property, and their conventional wisdom of the communal property disappeared. In political system, each Cherokee village had a leader, but there were no the heads tied each leader. After the appearance of the Europeans on the Americas, they ordered the Cherokee to organize their leaders, and the Cherokee had no choice to follow them because their military power was so strong and they threatened the Cherokee with cancelling trade. In subsistence patterns, the Cherokee made their living by hunting, fishing, gathering, and agriculture. After they encountered the Europeans, they made their living by contracting a debt, selling their land, going to war, and acquiring the items like slaves and deer to trade. 5: the reasons for the industrial revolution in England and the emergence of the capitalist economy fall into eight categories. (1) The market for their merchandise which included military products was growing. For example, the textile industrial revolution such as the structure of work, relationship to the world market which referred to both raw materials and trade happened in England. (2) The supply of capital was getting bigger. In other words, increased trade profited a lot, and the financial gain was invested in new technologies and businesses. (3) The population of Europe included England in the eighteenth century was growing faster; for instance, the population of England from1750 to 1850 increased by three times. As the population increased, it was inevitable that the workforce and consumers were growing. (4) Agriculture was growing in the eighteenth century because of the invention of agricultural machinery and of a growth of agricultural production. In addition, the law took away lands and forests from squatters and
peasants and those lands were made over the gentry to make them more productive. As a result, the workforce was increasing in the city because people who were taken their lands by law went to the city to find the job. (5) A peculiar English culture or spirit existed in the eighteenth century. According to some sociologists, English domestic economy expanded because of the growth of an entrepreneurial spirit that inspired people to think about business positively. (6) The government promoted trade and industry; for example, the government levied taxes and regulations on business as little as possible because it was highly possible that their market was thriving. Moreover, the government made the law which was advantageous to merchants to protect them from labor protest; for example, the government made the law allowed the merchants to demolish the machines and building that accommodated labor when labor protested. In fact, when labor rioted in 1779, armed forces were sent to suppress them. (7) The merchant class obtained the ascendency. According to Stephen Sanderson, capitalism developed in order that the power of the merchant class increased. Furthermore, he hinted that there had been rivalry between merchants and the gentry or the nobility in spite of the fact that they needed merchants to get some valuables. During the seventeenth and eighteenth, the strongest merchant who influenced the economy came out in western society, and it was advantageous to the merchant class in spite of the fact that England had a deep-rooted hierarchy. (8) A revolution which increased consumption occurred. As a result of the fact that economy was growing quickly in England, the patterns of retailing and consumption changed spectacularly. It means the number of stores and shops increased, the new market led by pottery manufacturing started, and fashionconscious people appeared in the middle class.