for Guidelines using APA Style
Students should either purchase the current edition of APA Manual or refer to the Booth Reference Library. Guidelines below are referenced from the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th edition, Copyright 2001. Basic rules for using APA style. Double space between all lines of the manuscript including every line in the title, headings, footnotes, quotations, references, figure captions, and all parts of tables. Forget everything you ever learned about capitalization. Never use first names of authors Turn hypenation off. Use either 12 point Times Roman or 12 point Courier typeface for manuscript. Use sans-serif typeface (Helvetica, or other) for all figures and type size must be from 8 point to 14 point. No more than 27 lines of text per page (printed on one side only). Use only black toner for completed manuscript including all references to Uniform Resource Locator (URLs such as: http://www.apa.org ). Remember to remove "hyperlink" from your manuscript including "References." DO NOT LEAVE hyperlinks underlined and colored. Space once after all punctuations with the exception after internal periods (e.g. a.m.). Capitalization Read Capitalization, sections 3.12- 3.18, pages 94 through 100. Ellipsis Points Use ellipses to indicate that you have omitted material from a quotation. Type three periods with a speace before or after each period to indicate an omission within a sentence. Type four periods to indicate an omission between two sentences (a period for the sentence followed by three spaced periods. . . .). (See also section 3.38 in 5th Edition). Widow and Orphan Widow is a word or date left as the last entry in a paragraph on the last line. For example: The Eastern Illinois University students were asked for their participation in EIU Blood drive. Several professional student organizations will be involved in the campus drive this semester. (semester is considered to be a widow). You should break the lines or add additional words to eliminate the "widow." Orphan is a word or date left as the last entry in a paragraph, but carried to the following
Created by Dr. Phil Age & Professor Jean Dilworth, revised 7/21/03.
1
page. (the word "page" is considered to be an orphan). You should break the lines or add additional words to eliminate the "orphan." Italics Read Italicizing Words, Section 3.19, pages 100 through 103 For specific use of italics in APA journals, see the guidelines listed below. In general, use italics infrequently. (If you are using a typewriter instead of a word-processing program with an italics function, underline the text to be italicized). Use italics for: Titles of books, periodicals, and microfilm publications Elements of Style Graphic Presentations Introduction of new, technical or key term or label (after a term has been used once, do not italicize). The term backward masking box labeled empty Periodical volume numbers in reference lists References Citations in Text One work by one author Read Sections 3.94, pages 207 through 208 Rodgers (1994) compared reaction times. . . In recent study of reaction times (Rogers, 1994). . . In 1994 Roger studied reaction times. . . One work by multiple authors Read Sections 3.95, page 208 When a work has two authors, always cite both names every time reference occurs in text: Smith and Gunderson (1996) studied children's depression. . . "When work has three, four or five authors, cite all authors the first time the reference occurs; in subsequent citations, include only the surname of the first author followed by et al. (not italicized with a period after "al") and the year if it is the first citation of the reference within a paragraph (p. 208). First citation in text: Morgan, Johnson, Miller and Stone (1995) investigated the relationship between alcohol use and absenteeism. Subsequent citations in text: Morgan et al. (1995) . . . Personal Communication Read Section 3.102, page 214 (Personal communications are cited in text only).
Created by Dr. Phil Age & Professor Jean Dilworth, revised 7/21/03. 2
Personal communications may be letters, memos some electronic communications (e.g. email or messages from nonarchived discussion groups or electronic bulletin boards): T. K. Lutes (personal communication, April 18, 2001) (V. G. Nguyen, personal communications, September 28, 1998) Guidelines for the Reference List at the end of a paper References cited in the text must appear in the reference list Conversely, references cited in the reference list must appear in the text of the paper Reference data must be correct and complete; check each reference carefully against the original List references in alphabetical order by author's last name. Alphabetizing names, read Section 4.04, Pages 219 through 222. Reference title should be centered and 1" from top of sheet. formatting (See instructions) Personal Communications, such as letters, memoranda, and informal electronic communications are not recoverable data and not included in the reference page. Examples of references to periodicals: Read Chapter 4, Sections 4.01 through 4.16, pages 215 through 281 Journal article, one author General form: Author, A. A. (year of publication). Full title of the article. Title of the Journal, volume number, first page-last page of article. Journal article, two authors, journal paginated by issue General form: Author, A. A., & Author, C. C. (year of publication). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number (issue number), first page-last page of article. Specific form: Author, Z. A., & Author, J. P. (2000). Looking back to look forward. Journal of Research, 45(3), 55-62.
Created by Dr. Phil Age & Professor Jean Dilworth, revised 7/21/03.
3
Nonperiodical (e.g. book chapter) Read Section 4.12, pages 228-231 General form: Author, Z. N. (year of publication). Title of the chapter. Title of the book (pp. followed by page numbers). Location: Publisher. Specific form: Hammond, J. H. (1982). Writing a press release. Handbook for writing (pp. 44-55). New York: Prentice Hall. Entire Book Read Section 4.16, page 248. Beck, C. A., & Sales, B. D. (2002). Family mediation: Facts, myths and future prospects. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Report available from Government Printing Office (GOP), government institute as group author. # 41 in Section 4.16, page 256. National Institute of Mental Health. (1990) Clinical training in serious mental illness (DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1679). Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. Citation of a work discussed in a secondary source Read Section 4.16, page 247. Give the secondary source in the reference list; in text, name the original work, and give a citation for the secondary source. For example, if Seidenberg and McClelland's work is cited in Coltheart et al. and you did not read the work cited, list the Coltheart et al. reference in the References. In the text, use the following citation: Text citation: Seidenberg and McClelland's study (as cited in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993)
Created by Dr. Phil Age & Professor Jean Dilworth, revised 7/21/03.
4
Reference list entry: Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1992). Models of reading aloud: Dualroute and parallel-distributed-processing approaches. Psychological Review, 100, 589-608. Electronic Media Retrieval Information: Electronic Sources: Read Electronic Media, Section I of 4.16, pages 268-281 Check the following web address: www.apa.org/journals/faq.html Internet-only Journal: Fredrickson, B. L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and well-being. Prevention & Treatment, 3, Article 0001a. Retrieved November 20, 2000, from http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre0030001a.html Inter...