Liberalism
I. Introduction--Review of Liberalism
Until 1848 Liberalism and nationalism went hand in hand After this they are often divorced from one another
Marks of Liberalism
Freedom Natural rights Innate goodness of human beings Progress Secularism Faith in education
II. Rise of Liberalism
Bourgeoisie Glorious Revolution (1688) American Revolution (17751783) French Revolution (1789) Britain, France, U.S.
Laws made by elected officials, free speech, press, religion, assembly Proconstitution Laissez faire
Rise of Liberalism
France
U.S. most radical (frontier) Britain
Typical (??)
Most conservative of liberal states
III. Liberalism in 19th Century Britain
Need for Reform (1800)
Whigs and Tories
Calls for freedom of press Religious freedom Parliament controlled by aristocracy Began in the Glorious Revolution By 1800 were modern political parties Whigs--liberals Toriesconservatives
Reform Bill of 1832
1. Transferred more power to House of Commons 2. Extended the vote to nearly all property owners 3. Reduced number of rotten boroughs
This increased representation in urban centers
Reform Bill of 1867
Workers rioting and striking Passed by Conservative (Tories) 1. Increased electorate by 88% 2. Abolished all rotten boroughs
Made representation equal Women and some farm workers still could not vote
IV. William Gladstone (1809-1898)
Britain's Leading Liberal Four times prime minister Got more liberal with age Evangelical Christian Sought more rights for more people Little Englander "Grand Old Man"
Benjamin Disraeli (1804-1881)
Gladstone's conservative rival Prime minister when Gladstone wasn't Big Englander
Gladstone's Reforms (1868-1874) --The Glorious Ministry
Education Act 1870
Civil Service Reform Military Reform
Mass education (compulsory) Increase from 1 to 4 million
From patronage to merit No more flogging No more buying of office Secret ballot box
Political Reform
Gladstone's Reforms--Second Ministry
Reform Bill of 1884
Employers Liability Act 1884
Increased franchise Nearly all males could vote
Policy toward Ireland--Home Rule (1885ff)
Employers liable for some work related accidents Worked for Irish independence but was defeated Got Anglican church disestablished in Ireland
Nationalism
I. Introduction
Definition
Highest loyalty to the nationstate
Commonalities of Nationalism
Descent Language Territory Political institutions Customs Religion Corporate will
Nationalism in England
Came here first 17th and 18th centuries Enlightenment movement
Political and rational Joined to liberalism
Nationalism in France
Second to experience nationalism 1789 Enlightenment
Political Joined to liberalism
Nationalism in Central Europe
Nationalism and Liberalism divorced from each other Resulted from Napoleon's wars Cultural instead of political Racial/ethnic Irrational
II. Nationalism in Action in Italy
Disappointment of 1848
Giuseppe Mazzini d. 1872 Republic of 1849 Pope IX Pius Louis Napoleon Turn to war as method
Count Camillo Cavour d. 1861
Prime Minister of Piedmont (1852)
Used war as instrument of nationalism
Cavour and Napoleon III
Napoleon III
Cavour Aligned with Napoleon III War with Austria 1859
France got Nice and Savoy Napoleon got Lombardy Gave it to Piedmont
Italian nationalist tried to kill Napoleon The nationalist then wrote a letter from prison: "Remember that, so long as Italy is not independent, the peace of Europe and Your Majesty is but an empty dream....Set my country free, and the blessings of twentyfive million people will follow you everywhere and forever."
Italy: 1859
Giuseppe Garibaldi d. 1882
Defeated in 1849 (southern Italy) Fled to U.S. Cavour convinced Garibaldi to return Red Shirts Used war and plebiscites
1860
1861
Final Consolidation
1866
Rome 1870
Gained Venetia from Austria France defeated in FrancoPrussian War Italians took Rome from France King of Piedmont (1861) Piedmont constitution became constitution of Italy
Victor Emmanuel II
Italy: 1870
II. Germany
Deeper (Volk) Nationalism
Johann Gottfried Herder
Deeper (Volk) Nationalism
Johann Gottfried Herder Volkgeist History and nature are divine Each nationality a manifestation of divine Thought nationalism would promote peace
Prussia v. Austria
Used nationalism Protestant Industrial/urban North German states looked to Prussia
Distrusted Catholic Rural/agricultural South German states looked to Austria
Otto von Bismarck d. 1898
Otto von Bismarck d. 1898
Prime Minister of Prussia (1861) Antiliberal Anticonstitutional Realpolitik
King William I
"Not by vote but by blood." Rule by power
Bismarck's Victories
Defeated Denmark 1864
Defeats Austria--7 Weeks War (1866) FrancoPrussian War (18701871)
(Next slide) Refused to take over Austria
Quarreled with Austria over spoils
Franco-Prussian War (1870)
Napoleon III
Hohenzollern monarch in Spain?
worried about balance of power
Bismarck's Elms Dispatch
France wants assurance this will not happen Sends ambassador to get assurance from Frederick Wilhelm I Made it look like Frederick had insulted French French attacked and started the war Exactly what Bismarck wanted
Franco-Prussian War (1870)
Provoked German Nationalism Prussia smashed and punished France
Napoleon III captured Third Republic Proclaimed Indemnity--France has to pay Prussian Occupation of French territory German states join Prussia
Result of Franco-Prussian War: The Second Reich (1871-1918)
New Balance of Power Second Reich Kaiser Wilhelm I
New German confederation (nation) (Holy Roman Empire was First Reich)
Bismarck became (Iron) Chancellor of Germany
King of Prussia was now Kaiser of Germany
Germany 1866-1871
IV. Evaluation
Nationalism in Central Europe
Bismarck
Neither liberal nor rational--romantic and emotional Would lead Europe to WWI Showed Germans what could be accomplished with "iron and blood" Realpolitik