of University California, Berkeley Architecture 170b
Professor Littmann An Historical Survey of Architecture and Urbanism
Architecture 170b Lecture 14
3/6/2007
The American Scene Defining a New Nation European efforts to foster order in colonial settlements through architecture and town planning o Created very rational towns to show order and power of the administration Native American Landscapes o Spanish and British didn't know how the native Americans inhabit the land They feel like the temporary portable form of the tipi meant they didn't really have grasp of the land justifying the British and Spanish takeover o Tipi Structure Cow hide and buffalo hide has been used to cover the tipi Not a perfect cone for structural strength against directional winds Also to allow for the fire to be in the middle and having a slit on the side of the hide for smoke The tipis were moved around When horses were introduced to the Native Americans, Tipis got bigger Easier to hunt buffalos Easier to transport larger tipis Women usually stitch, put up, and take down the tipis and considered the owners Men painted the drawings of warfare on the tipis o Acoma Pueblo Longest continuously inhabited settlement in the United States Built on top of a defensible mesa Buildings built out of adobe Faces south with main rooms on the south side of the building o Keeps in the warmth of the day in the night Uses pine or fir for the room o Usually brought in from very far away by mules o Covered with straw then with adobe Wasn't captured until 1528 The right foot of every man over 25 was amputated Captured with canons 10% of inhabitants were killed European view of the Native American and natural landscape o Europeans look at the natives and feel they do not utilize the land well Feel like they were not sophisticated people Natives didn't use bricks or stone or even trimmed wood o Europeans looked at the landscape as very wild Realistically, it got more wild after the arrival of the Europeans Europeans brings diseases and invasive plants British Colonies in the New World o Europeans felt like they have to build permanent planned housing
Lecture 14 1 of 4 3/6/2007
Written By Raymond Leung
University of California, Berkeley Architecture 170b
Professor Littmann An Historical Survey of Architecture and Urbanism
Use architecture to create a symbol of order o Jamestown, Virginia One of two major settlements in the Americas by the British The other one is Plymouth British trying to get a hold of the new world Where slavery was brought into the new world Sponsored by London Merchants Always about profit Hopes of finding gold First did what they needed to do for survival Set up forts with bastions and walls o Palisade Walls with canons in the three corners o Felt like the wilderness was really dangerous Afraid of the Natives too England had suggestions to make it look more ordered Use brick, build civil buildings over your own home Build in straight lines Buildings erected in a strict way can represent an ordered people o New England and the South Northern communities developed more for religion Southern communities were more dedicated to profit Quick riches and tobacco growth New England was more in towns The South lived in large plantations The New England Village o Great migration of religious people from England to New England The Puritans felt like the English Anglicans were too catholic influenced o Built around the church and village green Houses built no more than a couple miles from the village green Tight nucleus of houses o New Haven, 1653 Connecticut, Very religious Watch out for each other Being together in their faith Centered around a village green Early buildings of Yale university Soon farmers would leave to develop their own land o Puritan Church Very plane Unlike Anglican churches Built for the community Unlike the Catholic where the sermon's word is very important and always worrying about the hierarchy o Parson Capen House Very well to do house built in 1653 Very symmetrical
Lecture 14 2 of 4 3/6/2007
Written By Raymond Leung
University of California, Berkeley Architecture 170b
Professor Littmann An Historical Survey of Architecture and Urbanism
o Philadelphia Largest English speaking colony back in the day Created by William Penn Wanted a farm like town o But became a mercantile city Planned this large grid plan to property distribution Created urban parks o First urban parks in the united states His plan filled in very slowly and unevenly o But his plan kept for large wide streets o Savannah Created by James Oglethorpe Wanted to create a place for debtors and people who were persecuted to start over Meant to be very disciplined Wanted to create equal opportunity and equal properties Wanted to not have slavery o To discipline people Wanted to have good relationship with the natives No Alcohol and no Lawyers Property and street dimensions were strict Still had palisade walls and worried about native Americans and sea pirates Many colonists come including Greek Orthodox, Catholics, and Irish Very rational and built into a grid California Missions o First mission in San Diego o El Camino Real connected the Missions along the California Coast o Catholic Spanish didn't really want to settle in Alta California But was afraid of Russians, French, and English settlement Russians were there to fur trade Spanish felt the natives did not use the landscape to it's potential Felt the natives were un-ambitious, child-like and were lazy o Realistically, the natives were doing very well and kept the landscape very pure o One of the heaviest populated area by native Americans in the United States Spanish feels they are bring Work Ethic and Christianity o Missions were also Presidios and Pueblos Presidios were forts and Pueblos were cities The missions felt the natives would learn Christianity really quick and continue practice self-autonomously o Mission Architecture Walled Quadrangle is defensible against non-accepting Natives Missions has a campanile to ring to call the natives to work and prey Uses adobe
Lecture 14 3 of 4 3/6/2007
Written By Raymond Leung
University of California, Berkeley Architecture 170b
Professor Littmann An Historical Survey of Architecture and Urbanism
Doesn't stand up to the environment very well Especially not against earthquakes Lots of spaces for work Almost Baroque Built very lavished inside Had some native influence Natives lived in dorm like structures A lot of work being done to support the missionary o Goods were traded for construction materials like steel o Good at agriculture o All the work is done by the Native Americans Come attracted by the way of the Spanish Not slaves Saw the unique way of the Church The Bell is so key to the mission It invited people in The symbol of Christianity Bell sounded out the time of the day Sets time for work and meals Europeans used these landscape to conquer o Rational plans can be implemented in the New World Model of the moral order Houses in line, people in line How architecture effects people
Lecture 14
4 of 4
3/6/2007
Written By Raymond Leung