and Work Energy
Chapter 5
Work
Definition of Work
What do you think? Work is done on an object when a force causes a displacement of the object.
Pushing Your Car
Imagine you car has ran out of gas. You have to push. If you push with a constant horizontal force then the work done is equal to the magnitude of the force times the magnitude of displacement of the car. W = Fd
Is Work Done When . . .
If you hold a chair at arms length is work done on the chair? NOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO! Work is not done on an object unless the object is moved with the action of a force. The muscles in your tired arms are doing work inside your body, but not on the chair.
Work
Work is done only when components of a force are parallel to a displacement. Imagine pushing a crate along the ground. If all your force is horizontal, all your effort moves the crate. If your force is at an angle, only the horizontal component of your force moves the crate and contributes to work.
Crate
Work
If = 0 then cos 0 = 1 and W = Fd. If = 90 then cos 90 = 0 and W = 0. So no work is done on the crate when force is applied downward at a 90 angle. Work = Fdcos If many forces are acting on an object we can find the net work done. Worknet = Fnetdcos
Work Dimensions
Work has the dimensions of force time length. Which is N x m (Newton's x meters) Also known as Joules (J) What is a Joule? 1 J is about the amount of work it take to life an apple from your waist to the top of your head.
Example
How much work is done on a vacuum cleaner pulled 3.0 m by a force of 50.0 N at an angle of 30.0 above the horizontal?
Solution
Work = Fdcos Plug and chug W = (50.0 N)(3.0 m)(cos 30.0 ) W = 130 J
Your Turn
A tugboat pulls a ship with a constant net horizontal force of 5.00 x 103 N and causes the ship to move through a harbor. How much work is done if the ship moves a distance of 3.00 km? A shopper at Publix pushes a cart with a force of 35 N directed at an angle of 25 downward from the horizontal. Find the work done by the shopper on the cart as the shopper moves 50.0 m down an aisle. If 2.0 J of work is done in raising a 180 g apple, how far is it lifted?
The Sign of Work
The sign of work is important. Positive or negative. Work is positive when the force is in the same direction as the displacement. Work is negative when the force is in the direction opposite of the displacement.
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Energy
Kinetic Energy
The energy of an object that is due to the object's motion is called kinetic energy. Kinetic energy depends on speed and mass.
1 2 KE = mv 2 1 2 kinetic energy = mass ( speed) 2
Example
A 7.00 kg bowling ball moves at 3.00 m/s. How fast must a 2.45 g table-tennis ball move in order to have the same kinetic energy as the bowling ball? Is this speed resonable for a table-tennis ball in play?
Solution
KE = mv2 KEbowling ball = (7.00 kg)(3.00 m/s)2 KEbowling ball = 31.5 J Solve for speed of table-tennis ball Vtable-tennis ball = (2KE/m) Vtable-tennis = (2 x 31.5 J)/(2.45 x 10-3 kg) Vtable-tennis ball = 1.60 x 102 m/s Little fast for table-tennis
Your Turn II
Calculate the speed of an 8.0 x 104 kg airliner with a kinetic energy of 1.1 x 109 J. What is the speed of a 0.145 kg baseball if its kinetic energy is 109 J? A car has a kinetic energy of 4.32 x 105 J when traveling at a speed of 23 m/s. What is its mass.
Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem
The net work done by all the forces acting on an object is equal to the change in the object's kinetic energy. The net work done on a body equals its change in kinetic energy.
Wnet = KE net work = change in kinetic energy
Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem
The work-kinetic energy theorem allows us to think of kinetic energy as the work that an object can do while the object changes speed or as the amount of energy stored in the motion of an object. Example: swinging the hammer in the "ringthe-bell" game has kinetic energy and can therefore do work on the puck. The puck can do work against gravity by moving up and striking the bell. When the bell is struck, part of the energy is converted into sound.
Example
On a frozen pond, a person kicks a 10.0 kg sled, giving it an initial speed of 2.2 m/s. How far does the sled move if the coefficient of kinetic friction between the sled and the ice is 0.10?
Solution
Looking for displacement. Given:
m = 10.0 kg vi = 2.2 m/s vf = 0 m/s k = 0.10
Pick your equations
Solution
Wnet = Fnetdcos The net work done on the sled is provided by the force of kinetic friction.
Wnet = Fkdcos
Remember Fk = kFn = kmg So . . . Wnet = kmgdcos
Solution
The force of kinetic friction is in the direction opposite d, = 180 Because . the sled comes to rest, the final kinetic energy is zero.
Wnet = KE KE = KEf - KEi KE = 0 Kei KE = Kei KE = (1/2)mvi2
Solution
1 2 mv i = k mgd cos 2 2 v i d= 2k g cos
(2.2 m/s)2 d= 2(0.10)(9.81 m/s2 )(cos180) d = 2.5 m
Your Turn III
A student wearing frictionless in-line skates on a horizontal surface is pushed by a friend with a constant force of 45 N. How far must the student be pushed starting from rest, so that her final kinetic energy is 352 J? A 2.0 x 103 kg car accelerates from rest under the action of two forces. One is a forward force of 1140 N provided by traction between the wheels and the road. The other is a 950 N resistive force due to various frictional forces. Use the work-kinetic energy theorem to determine how far the car must travel for its speed to reach 2.0 m/s. A 75 kg bobsled is pushed along a horizontal surface by two athletes. After the bobsled is pushed a distance of 4.5 m starting from rest, its speed is 6.0 m/s. Find the magnitude of the net force on the bobsled.
Potential Energy
Potential Energy is the energy associated with an object because it has the potential to move due to its position relative to some other location. It is stored energy. Gravitational potential energy is the energy associated with an object due to the object's position relative to a gravitational source. Gravitational potential energy depends on height from a zero level.
Potential Energy
Picture an egg falling off a table. As it falls it gains kinetic energy. Where does that energy come from? Gravitational potential energy associated with the egg's initial position on the table relative to the floor. Gravitational Potential energy can be calculated:
PEg = mgh
gravitational PE = mass free-fall acceleration height
Zero Level
If a ball falls from the top of the taller building to the roof of the smaller building what can we call zero level? If we use the ground the ball still has potential energy. If we use the roof of the smaller building there then is no more potential energy.
Potential Energy
Elastic potential energy is the energy available for use when a deformed elastic object returns to its original configuration.
Rubber band, Pinball, Spring Can be calculated:
PEelastic =
elastic PE = 1 2
1 2 kx 2
2
spring constant (distance compressed or stretched)
The symbol k is called the spring constant, a parameter that measures the spring's resistance to being compressed or stretched.
Elastic Potential Energy
Example
A 70.0 kg stuntman is attached to a bungee cord with an unstretched length of 15.0 m. He jumps off a bridge spanning a river from a height of 50.0 m. When he finally stops, the cord has a stretched length of 44.0 m. Treat the stuntman as a point mass, and disregard the weight of the bungee cord. Assuming the spring constant of the bungee cord is 71.8 N/m, what is the total potential energy relative to the water when the man stops falling?
Solution
Given:m = 70.0 kg
k = 71.8 N/m g = 9.81 m/s2 h = 50.0 m 44.0 m = 6.0 m x = 44.0 m 15.0 m = 29.0 m PE = 0 J at river level
Solution
The zero level for gravitational potential energy is chosen to be at the surface of the water. The total potential energy is the sum of the gravitational and elastic potential energy.
PEtot = PEg + PEelastic PEg = mgh PEelastic 1 2 = kx 2
Solution
PEg = (70.0 kg)(9.81 m/s2 )(6.0 m) = 4.1 103 J 1 PEelastic = (71.8 N/m)(29.0 m)2 = 3.02 104 J 2 PEtot = 4.1 103 J + 3.02 10 4 J PEtot = 3.43 104 J
Your Turn IV
A spring with a force constant of 5.2 N/m has a relaxed length of 2.45 m. When a mass is attached to the end of the spring and allowed to come to rest, the vertical length of the spring is 3.57 m. Calculate the elastic potential energy stored in the spring. The staples inside a stapler are kept in place by a spring with a relaxed length of 0.115 m. If the spring constant is 51.0 N/m, how much elastic potential energy is stored in the spring when its length is 0.150 m? A 40.0 kg child is in a swing that is attached to ropes 2.00 m long. Find the gravitational potential energy associated with the child relative to the child's lowest position under the following conditions:
When the ropes are horizontal When the ropes make a 30.0 angle with the vertical At the bottom of the circular arc
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Conservation of Energy
Conserved Quantities
When we say that something is conserved, we mean that it remains constant. The quantity can change into various forms, but we always have the same amount.
Mechanical Energy
Mechanical energy is the sum of kinetic energy and all forms of potential energy associated with an object or group of objects.
ME = KE + PE
Mechanical energy is often conserved.
MEi = MEf initial mechanical energy = final mechanical energy (in the absence of friction)
Example
Starting from rest, a child zooms down a frictionless slide from an initial height of 3.00 m. What is her speed at the bottom of the slide? Assume she has a mass of 25.0 kg.
Solution
Given:
h = hi = 3.00 m m = 25.0 kg vi = 0.0 m/s hf = 0 m Unknown: vf = ?
Solution
Choose an equation or situation: The slide is frictionless, so mechanical energy is conserved. Kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy are the only forms of energy present.
1 2 KE = mv 2 PE = mgh
Solution
The zero level chosen for gravitational potential energy is the bottom of the slide. Because the child ends at the zero level, the final gravitational potential energy is zero.
PEg,f = 0
Solution
The initial gravitational potential energy at the top of the slide is
PEg,i = mghi = mgh
Because the child starts at rest, the initial kinetic energy at the top is zero.
KEi = 0
Therefore, the final kinetic energy is as follows: 1
KEf =
2
mv
2 f
Solution
Substitute values into the equations:
PEg,i = (25.0 kg)(9.81 m/s2)(3.00 m) = 736 J KEf = (1/2)(25.0 kg)vf2
Now use the calculated quantities to evaluate the final velocity.
MEi = MEf PEi + KEi = PEf + KEf 736 J + 0 J = 0 J + (0.500)(25.0 kg)vf2 vf = 7.67 m/s
Your Turn V
A bird is flying with a speed of 18.0 m/s over water when it accidentally drops a 2.00 kg fish. If the altitude of the bird is 5.40 m and friction is disregarded, what is the speed of the fish when it hit the water? A 755 N diver drops from a board 10.0 m above the water's surface. Find the diver's speed 5.00 m above the water's surface. Then find the diver's speed just before hitting the water. A pendulum bob is released from some initial height such that the speed of the bob at the bottom of the swing is 1.9 m/s. What is the initial height of the bob?
Mechanical Energy
Mechanical Energy is not conserved in the presence of friction. As a sanding block slides on a piece of wood, energy (in the form of heat) is dissipated into the block and surface.
Sanding Block
Kinetic friction between the moving block and the surface causes the kinetic energy to be into a nonmechanical form of energy. Mechanical energy is no longer conserved. The energy is still all accounted for, but in a form that is harder to calculate.
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Power
Rate of Energy Transfer
Power is a quantity that measures the rate at which work is done or energy is transformed.
P=W/ t power = work time interval
An alternate equation for power in terms of force and speed is
P = Fv power = force speed
Power
SI unit for power is the watt, W. Defined as one joule per second. Horsepower is another commonly used unit, where one horsepower = 746 watts.
Example
A 193 kg curtian needs to be raised 7.5 m, at constant speed, in as close to 5.0 s as possible. The power ratings for three motors are listed as 1.0 kW, 3.5 kW, and 5.5 kW. Which is best for the job?
Solution
Given:
m = 193 kg t = 5.0 s d = 7.5 m
Unknown:
Power = ?
Solution
Choose an equation: P = W / t = Fd / t = mgd / t P = (193 kg)(9.81 m/s2)(7.5 m) 5.0 s P = 2.8 x 103 W = 2.8 kW
Your Turn VI
A 1.0 x 103 kg elevator carries a maximum load of 800.0 kg. A constant frictionless force of 4.0 x 103 N slows the elevator's upward motion. What minimum power, in kilowatts, must the motor deliver to lift the fully loaded elevator at a constant speed of 3.00 m/s. A rain cloud contains 2.66 x 103 kg of water vapor. How long would it take for a 2.00 kW pump to raise the same amount of water to the cloud's altitude, 2.00 km? How long does it take a 19 kW steam engine to do 6.8 x 107 J of work? A 1.50 x 103 kg car accelerates uniformly from rest to 10.0 m/s in 3.00s.
What is the work done on the car in this time interval? What is the power delivered by the engine in this time interval?
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