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Geography The of Transport Systems Chapter 1 Transportation and Geography Concepts Copyright 1999-2007, Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Economics & Geography, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, 11549 USA. Jean-paul.Rodrigue@hofstra.edu You may use the figures within for educational purposes only. No modification or redistribution permitted. For more information: http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans Concept 1 What is Transport Geography? The Transport Geography Perspective Infrastructures In t er a ct io n es ) s od (F (N lo w s) io ns Lo t ca Transportation as a Derived Demand Activity Working Vacationing Manufacturing Direct Commuting Taxi Air travel Touring bus Trucks Containership Warehousing Energy Indirect Derived Demand Different Representations of Distance Euclidean Distance A Transport Distance A Pickup Mode 1 Transshipment Delivery Mode 2 B B Logistical Distance Order Processing Pickup Packing A Scheduling Order Transshipment Delivery Mode 2 Sorting Warehousing Mode 1 BUnpacking Inventory Managemen The Spatial Consideration of a Movement A Walking Cycling Movement Friction of Distance D(C) D(D) B Driving D(W) Time Distance (D) Transportation and the Mobility of Passengers and Freight Commuting Shopping Recreation Commodity Chains Share of total passengers or tonskm Freight Waste disposal Local distribution Business Tourism Migration Trade Energy & Raw Materials Passengers Distance Spatial Flows European Power C C C a b c d Trade City Hinterland Port Hierarchical Vehicle Use Indicators, World, 19502004 60 Annual c ar pr oduc tion (millions) (left axis) 50 People per automobile (left axis) Miles tr aveled per passenger vehic le (USA) (r ight axis) 11,000 10,000 30 9,000 20 8,000 7,000 6,000 54 60 66 70 76 80 82 86 96 98 52 56 58 62 64 68 72 74 78 84 88 90 92 94 00 02 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 04 13,000 12,000 40 10 0 19 50 Vehicle-Miles Traveled by Cars in the United States, 1960-2004 Billions 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Transport and Communication Costs Indexes, 1920-1990 100 Sea freightrates 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Air t ransport(Average revenue per passenger-km ) Telephone call (3 m inutes, New York / London) Com puters 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 Two Common Fallacies in Transport Geography Access vs. Accessibility Distance vs. Time 4 b 3 3 7 c 5 3 2 7 5 6 5 8 6 4 3 4 3 7 6 6 10 a World Land Transportation Network Length and Density, 2002 World Land Transportation Network Length and Density, 2002 Note: Land transportation includes road and rail ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Land Network Length ! Less than 100,000 km 100,000 to 500,000 km ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 500,000 to 1.5 million km 1.5 m illion to 3.0 m illion km More than 3.0 million km ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Land Network Density Less than 0.25 km /km2 0.25 to 0.50 km 2 /km 0.50 to 1.0 km /km2 1.0 to 2.0 km /km2 ! ! Source: World Bank Dr. J ean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Econom & Geography Hofstra University ics , More than 2.0 km/km 2 Fields of Transport Geography NATURAL SCIENCES Transport geography Fields at the core of transport geography Fields related to transport geography Environmental Natural studies resources Resource planning PLANNING Cartography Field methods Transport demand Population geography Regional planning Spatial Information statistics, MATHEMATICS, systems modeling COMPUTER SCIENCE Transport networks Transport nodes Regional Regional geography economics ECONOMICS Operations Spatial Economic research optimization geography Political Historical Geography geography POLITICAL HISTORY SCIENCE World geography ECONOMICS, SOCIOLOGY Land use Urban geography Location theory ECONOMICS The Transport System Nodes Origins Destinations Intermediacy Te rm ina ls ns tio Friction Flows a oc L Linkages D em an d People Freight Information et N w ks or Economics y y og h o l ap ci gr So m o e D Co M m at pu he te m r at sc ic ie s nc e Environment Dimensions of Transport Geography g in er ne Pl a Po nn lic ing y gi En Technology SPACE History Common Problems for Transport Systems Capacity Terminal Route Bottleneck Transfer Hub / Gateway Reliability Integration Concept 2 Transportation and Space The Terrestrial Space cle Arctic Cir Asia Pr im eM er id ian Europe North America Africa Tropic of Can cer Equator South America orn Tropic of Capric Absolute and Relative Barriers Absolute Barrier A Detour Modal Change B Relative Barrier A Low High B Friction The Geographical Space of Maritime Transportation Northwest Gibraltar M P Panama Suez Malacca A I Sunda P Magellan Good Hope Polar Shipping Routes Cir cle Ar ct ic United St ates Arctic Bridge Northern Sea Route Northwest Passage Canada Russia Gr eenland Ic el an d Swed e n No r wa y Fin la nd Great Circle Distance between New York, Moscow and Tokyo Northern Hemisphere Orthographic Projection (South Pole) Orthographic Projection (North Pole) Tokyo 34'41"N 139'44"E Southern Hemisphere d St a t es 10,834 km 7530 km Ru s si U n it e a 40'45"N 73'59"W New York 7540 km 55'45"N 37'36"E Moscow Moscow New York Tokyo Geographic Projection Major Global Wind Patterns January July The Spatial Structure and Transportation Location Distance Fixedness Attributes Relativity Dynamism Transportation Networks and Geographical Specialization Transportation Networks and Geographical Segregation Transport as a Centralizing and Decentralizing Force (under construction) Space / Time Convergence T1 (1950) A Travel Time (A B) 6.2 hours B B TT A 2.6 hours STC = TT T2 (2000) T STC = ( 2.6 - 6.2 ) ( 2000 - 1950) T Time STC = -0.072hours / year Regional Space / Time Convergence (in minutes) Betw een London and Edinburgh (1658-2000) 20000 Travel Time (left) 18000 STC (right) 16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 1650 1750 1850 1950 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90 -100 -110 -120 -130 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Betw een NewYork and Boston (1800-2000) 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 Mail Delivery Times between New York and San Francisco, 1840-2000 40 35 30 25 Days 20 15 10 5 0 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 Cumulative Distribution of per Capita Trip Rate for all Modes by Trip Distance, 1995 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 USA UK Developing countries 40 45 50 km Space / Time Convergence of the World Transport System 1500-1840 Average speed of wagon and sail ships: 16 km/hr 1850-1930 Average speed of trains: 100 km/hr. Average speed of steamships: 25 km/hr 1950 Average speed of airplanes: 480-640 km/hr 1970 Average speed of jet planes: 800-1120 km/hr 1990 Numeric transmission: instantaneous Concept 3 Historical Evolution of Transportation The Silk Road and Arab Sea Routes (8th to 14th Centuries) MONG OLIA Constantinople Bukha ra M rv e T ashke nt K ashgar Sa marka nd Kabul H otan D unhua ng L anzhou K ak ar orum Beijing Medi B Y Z A N T I U M Antioch t err a nn ea n Sea Jerusalem M mphis e O rmuz Berenice M t usca Ctesiphon PERSIA Changan L hasa M th a ura K anda har Ale ndria xa CHINA Canton Suzhou EGY PT Pa scimaBa ra rba Bhar ccha uka T ra am lipti ARA BI A IND IA Bay of Ben gal So u t h Ch i na Se a Aden Arabi an S ea M is uzir Main Silk Road Connector to the Silk Road Other Major Trade Route M dishu oga Connector to Major Trade Route Sea Route M lak e a SOMALIA M basa om Indian Ocean S R I V I J AYA Spice Islands Roman Road Network, 200 AD Atlantic Ocean Ad r ia tic Se Black Sea a Mediterranean Ocean Re 500 km d Se a Grand Canal System Beijing Tonghui Canal (Yuan) Yongji Canal (Sui and Yuan) Yellow Sea Old course of Jiao-Lai Canal the Yellow River (Yuan) (Song) Yongji Canal (Sui) Jizhou Canal (Yuan) Tongji Canal (Sui) Jizhou Luoyang Kaifeng Bian Canal (Song) East China Sea Huaiyin Chuzhou Yangzhou Canal (Song and Yuan) Yangzhou Jiangnan Canal Suzhou (Sui, Song and Yuan) 400 km Hangzhou Early European Maritime Expeditions, 1492-1522 Asia Europe North America Cabot (14 ) 97 PortugalSpain Columbus (1 2-93) 49 Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) Africa M agellan (1 9-22 41 ) Oceania South America Australia da Gama (14 -9 97 9) Dr. J ean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Econom & Geography Hofstra University ics , The Eastern and Western Maritime Routes to Asia The fall of the Bizantium Empire closed the land route to Asia Constantinople (1453) Trade was established with J apan from Macau PortugalSpain Portugal was able to trade with India withoutArab middle m (most of the en Arab fleet was sunk by 1515) China N agasaki (15 Japan 43) H uz (151 orm 5) Portuguese explorers reached Canton in China India From1419 to 1487, Portuguese ships explore the west coast of Africa Canton (151 3) Macau founded in 1557 Pacific Ocean Ma g ella n Between 1565 and 1571 Spain conquered the Philippines and established their colonial capital at Manila M anila (1565) da Calicut(1498) a ma G M alacca(1 1) 51 Vasco de Gam rounded the a Cape of Good Hope and reached India (1497-1499) Atlantic Ocean Magellan reached the Pacific Ocean by rounding the southern tip of South Am erica (1520) Malacca, the m important ost comm ercial center in Southeast Asia, fell to the Portuguese Tim (1 or 515) Indian Ocean The Cape of Good Hope at the southernmost end of Africa is Cape of Good Hope(1 488) reached, involving the possibility to reach Asia by a m aritime route N ote: Paths are approxim and simplified ate z Dia Colonial Trade Pattern, North Atlantic, 18th Century 1) Sugar, Molasses, Slaves 2) Flour, Meat, Lumber mber go, Lu s, Indi o, Fur c Tobac uits s, Fr sse Mola ar, Sug an Europe 1 2 North Atlantic Ocean M uf ac tu re s North America West Indies Africa Dominant wind Trade Route 0 Slaves, South America 500 1,000 2,000 3,000 M iles Gold, P epper Turnpikes in Great Britain, Late 18th and Early 19th Century 35,000 30,000 25,000 Km 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 Major Canals Built 540-1320 11th Century 1390-97 1604-42 1667-81 1732 1759-61 1784-1833 1810-24 1817-25 1836-45 1838-54 1859-69 1894 1887-95 1906-14 1905-38 Grand Canal Naviglio Grande Stecknitz Canal Briare Canal Canal du Midi Ladoga canal Bridgewater Canal Rhine-Rhone canal North Sea canal Erie canal Ludwigskanal Rhine Marne canal Suez canal Manchester Ship Canal Kiel canal Panama canal Mittellandkanal Beijing Hangzhou (2,500 km) Milan Adriatic (30 km) Elbe Trave (11 km) Seine Loire (58 km) Garonne Mediterranean (279 km) St. Petersburg Volga (110 km) Worsley Manchester (16 km) Strasburg-Mulhouse-Burgundy (319 km) Amsterdam North Sea (20 km) Buffalo Albany (544 km) Main Danube (172 km) Saverne gap (314 km) Mediterranean Red Sea (112 km) Manchester Liverpool (64 km) Baltic Sea North Sea (99 km) Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean (80 km) Rhine Elbe (320 km) Impacts of Maury's Navigation Charts on Sailing Time, 1850s 200 150 100 188 Mean Sailing Days (before) Mean Sailing Days (after) 124 97 55 63 23 126 136 50 0 NewYork - Rio de England - Australia Australia - England J aneiro NewYork - San Francisco Geographical Impacts of the Suez and Panama Canals Nor th Amer ic a Eur ope Atlantic Ocean Suez (1869) Panama (1914) 800 0k m 0 00 10 km Asia Pacific Ocean South Amer ic a Afr ica Indian Ocean Atlantic Ocean 0 00 16 km Prior Shortest Route New Shortest Route Dr. J ean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Econom & Geography, Hofstra Univ ics ersity. Effects of the Suez and Panama Canals on Travel Distances (in nautical miles) NewYork - Sidney Liverpool - San Francisco NewYork - San Francisco London - Singapore London - Bom bay 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 via Cape of Good Hope via Suez Canal via Magellan Straits via Panam Canal a Maritime Journey from Britain to Australia, 1788-1960 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1788 1852 1862 1883 1888 1909 1931 1960 Days Speed (Knots) Evolution of the Railway Network (in km), 1850-1913 1,200,000 Africa 1,000,000 800,000 600,000 400,000 200,000 0 1850 1870 1900 1913 Asia South America North America Europe Share of the Population in Agriculture, Early Industrial Countries, 1820-1910 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Great Britain France Germ any United States 1820 1850 1870 1910 Comparison between a Contemporary and Second World War Tanker Modern VLCC (305 m) T2 Tanker (153 m) 1942 1975 Moore's Law: Transistors per Microprocessor, 1971-2002 100,000,000 10,000,000 1,000,000 100,000 10,000 1,000 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Diffusion of Telecommunication Services, 1985-2002 (in millions) 1400 1200 Cellular Phone Subscribers 1000 800 600 400 200 0 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 180 Cellular Phone Subscribers Internet Host Computers 160 Internet Host Computers 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Global Motor Vehicle Production per Manufacturer, 1996-2004 70 60 50 M illions 40 30 20 10 0 1996 1998 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Daim lerChrysler Other M itsubishi Renault Honda Nissan PSA Fiat Toyota Volkswagen Ford/M azda GM Automobile Production, United States, Japan and Germany, 1950-2005 (in millions) 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 19 50 19 52 19 54 19 56 19 58 19 60 19 62 19 64 19 66 19 68 19 70 19 72 19 74 19 76 19 78 19 80 19 82 19 84 19 86 19 88 19 90 19 92 19 94 19 96 19 98 20 00 20 02 20 04 G any erm J apan United States W orld Evolution of the Transport Technology, 1750-2000 2000 Maritime Road Hydrogen car Maglev TGV Jumbo Jet Jet Plane Jet engine Helicopters Planes Rail Air 1950 Container Electric ships car Super tankers Airfoils Highways Buses 1900 Bulk ships Trucks Liners AutomobileTramway 1800 Iron hulls Internal combustion engine Metro Dirigibles Bicycles Electric motor Steam engine Omnibus Rails Balloons Docks Locks Growth of the US Transport System, 19th 21st Century 4% Canals 1825 Paradigm shift 1836 Peak year 3% 2% 1869 1825 Rail Roads 1913 1969 Air Maglev 2001 1% 1836 1891 t= 55 years 1946 t= 65 years t= 70 years t= 30 years 0% 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Development of the UK Transport System, 1750-1990 100,000 10,000 Kilom eters 1,000 Turnpikes Canals Railw ays Trunk Roads M otorw ays 100 17 50 17 60 17 70 17 80 17 90 18 00 18 10 18 20 18 30 18 40 18 50 18 60 18 70 18 80 18 90 19 00 19 10 19 20 19 30 19 40 19 50 19 60 19 70 19 80 19 90 Development of Operational Speed for Major Transport Modes, 1750-2000 (km per hour) 1000 Road Rail Maritime Air Jet Plane 750 500 HST 250 Propeller Plane Automobile 100 Rail 50 Stage Coach Clipper Ship 1800 1850 1900 Liner Containership 2000 1950 Operational Speed of Contemporary Transport Modes 1000 100 10 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 US Household Penetration of Telecommunications, 1920-2005 100 90 80 % of Households 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1920 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Radio TV Cable Video Gam es VHS Satellite TV DVD Broadband Potential of Some Transport Innovations Innovatio n Light Rail Perceived Benefits Accessibility to CBD; Reduced emissions and energy used per pass. km; Safety Reduced congestion and emissions Reduced congestion and emissions; Time savings Potential Beneficiari es Cost Burden Potential Supporters Transit industry; Drivers; Environmental groups; Passengers Environmental groups; Collecting institutions Environmental groups; IT industry; Commuters New users; Tax payers, Developers; Nearby Landed residents interests along paths Road Pricing Drivers with high time value Telecommuter s; Commuters Drivers Telecommuti ng Employers; Tax payers (if subsidized) Phases of Development of the World Economy 1500-1780 1780-1880 1880-1970 1970- Mode of Accumulation Economic system Source of growth Production unit Mercantilism Trade in commodities Workshop Industrial capitalism Manufacturing Factory Monopoly capitalism Manufacturing Multinational corporation Corporate capitalism Manufacturing and services Corporate system World-System Characteristics Space relations Supply system Hegemonic powers Trade routes Colonialism United Provinces, Mediterranean city states Atlantic basin Colonialism / Imperialism Britain International State imperialism Britain, USA Global Corporate imperialism USA

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