in Spanish the Northeast USA
April 14, 2009 Language in the USA JC Weisenberg
Spanish Speaking Countries
See: http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=spa
America: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina. Europe: Spain. Asia: Israel (Ladino=Judeo Spanish), The Philippines (minority languages). Africa: Equatorial Guinea. US: Southwest US, California, Texas, Florida (Dade County), New York, Louisiana. Rest of the world: Andorra, Belize, Gibraltar, Morocco, Trinidad & Tobago, Turkey (Ladino=Judeo Spanish), Western Sahara.
http://www.college.emory.edu/culpeper/BAKEWEL L/images/viceroyalty-ns.jpg
Spanish speaking countries (in red)
Spanish in the USA
The US is the 2nd largest Latin or Spanish speaking country in the world, after Mxico. In the U.S. Spanish was spoken before English in Florida, Louisiana, Texas, CA, Arizona, and New Mexico.
History of Spanish in the SW
1513 - Spanish arrives in Florida with Ponce de Len. 1650 - Spanish is dominant language from Florida and Louisiana across to the southwest United States. 1800 - Spain ceded the Louisiana territory to France. 1821 - Spain formally ceded Florida to the United States. 1600-1810 - Spain controlled all of what is now Mexico, Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, California, western Colorado, and Utah. 1821 - Mexico achieved independence from Spain. 1836 - Texas declared independence from Mexico. 1848 - US fought a war with Mexico (1846-48) and gained control of New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, California, and W. Colorado.
Who are the Latinos in the Northeast US?
(New England, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania)
5.2 million (15% of Latino population of US in 2000) Diverse Group: Puerto Ricans, Dominicans, Cubans, Mexicans, Colombians, Mexicans, Ecuadorians, Argentines, Salvadorans, Guatemalans, Hondurans, Peruvians, Bolivians, Chileans, Venezuelans, Uruguayans, Nicaraguans, Costa Ricans, Panamanians, Spaniards.
Who are the Latinos in New York?
New York City is 27% Latino Culturally and numerically speaking, Puerto Ricans dominate other Latinos in New York City. Latinos in New York City 36% Puerto Rican 18% Dominican 10.9% South American 4.6% Central American
Northeast Latino Immigration History
Brief Puerto Rican History:
P.R. a Spanish colony for 400 years Became a US territory in 1898 (Won from Spain in the Spanish American War had been granted autonomy from Spain shortly before US takeover) 1917: US citizenship granted to Puerto Ricans 1898-1948: English Only policy in schools enforced by US largely unsuccessful (more dropouts than graduates) 1948-present: Spanish the language of instruction in P.R. - English & Spanish are official languages 1946: Mass emigration to NYC begins, with people seeking better economic opportunity (start of direct NY-San Juan flights encouraged this) Commonwealth vs. State debate rages on, with a small but vocal minority seeking independence language & cultural issues at the forefront
Northeast Latino Immigration History
Cubans, Dominicans, Colombians
Differ from Puerto Ricans in that the majority of the m born & raised in outside of US (Latin America) Cubans: Castros victory in 1959 spurs 1st major migration in the 1960s to Florida, NY(Cuban community before the revolution) & NJ Dominicans: Longtime Dictator Trujillo assassinated in 1961, followed by civil war & US invasion in 1965 (and Immigration Act of 1965) spurs major migration to NYC (Upper West Side/Washington Heights) Colombians: Hard economic times, Drug Wars in the 1970s spur large immigration to NYC (Jackson Heights, Queens) Racist Factors: Cubans & Colombians in these immigration times mostly White Middle-Class: faced easier adjustment/acceptance. Dark-skinned Dominicans faced a tougher time. Later Cuban immigrants (in the 1980s) were 20% black, faced hostility, even from prior Cuban migrants!
Northeast Latino Immigration History
Central Americans: Civil wars & economic troubles in the 1980s & natural disasters in the last 10 years (2 Hurricanes & an Earthquake) in Nicaragua, El Salvador & Guatemala spurred waves of immigration to the US, including the Northeast. Hondurans were also affected by Hurricane Mitch (1998). According to the 2000 census, there were 2,026,150 Central American foreign born in the United States. The majority are from Nicaragua, El Salvador, Honduras & Guatemala
What do they call themselves?
Nuyoricans - American born of Puerto Rican heritage Dominican Yorks - American born of Dominican heritage Spanish - generalized term in New York for anyone of Hispanic/Latino origin. e.g. Spanish food (rice and beans, fried plantains, etc.) What are people from Spain called?
What does the term Hispanic mean?
Is it a racial or an ethnic designation? Who counts as Hispanic?
Anybody who speaks Spanish as a first language? Anybody who was born in a Spanish speaking country in the Americas? An indigenous Mexican who speaks some Spanish as a second language? Former President of Peru Fujimori (whose parents were from Japan)? An Afro-Cuban (Celia Cruz)? Salma Hayak (from Mexico of Middle Eastern descent)? Somebody from Spain? Somebody from Brazil? An Argentinian of Italian descent?
Some ideas from previous LIN200s
Student 1: Chicano means an American Spanish person Latino South American Hispanic anyone of Spanish origin Student 2: Hispanic Latin American descent in the USA Latino Latin American descent or nationality Chicano Mexican Student 3 Hispanic anyone with a Spanish speaking background Latino associated with Mexico, or a person from S. America Chicano- Spanish is your primary language
Hispanic versus Latino(a) versus Chicano
Hispanic is rooted in Hispania, The Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula (Iberia is from Greek). Refers to people who originate ethnically in the Peninsula (Spain), and by extension, Latin America. Many Spanish people (from Peninsular Spain) refer to themselves as White European, and never consider the term Hispanic for themselves Some Spanish-speaking individuals do not like the term Hispanic, or avoid it since some social circles look down upon Hispanics. Ethnicity can cross issues of social conflict. The term Latino generally refers to people of Hispanic extraction who were born in the States (and may know no Spanish, or have some knowledge, or be bilingual) Chicano is an ethnic, political, and cultural term used to refer to some Mexican Americans (of Mexican origin)
GENERAL FEATURES OF SPANISH:
Phonology/Phonetics Stress Morphology Syntax
Phonology
Clusters: s + consonant disallowed in the same syllable: ex.: Spaghetti > /espageti/ Slovenia > /eslovenia/ No ending without a vowel: English: -ps (tips), -ks (books),-ds (reads) Spanish: pantalon > /pantalones/ vs. Eng. pant > /pants/
Phonology
Spanish does not have the /v/ sound as we normally think of in English: (only /b/ sound [stop] or / / [approximant bilabial]) English: Bet vs. Vet /v t/ /b t/
Spanish: after pause, or after a nasal sound: Van [ban] they go; ambos [ambos] both la baca [ aka], la vaca [ aka] printed differently, but pronounced the same; one means cow; the other is roof rack; between vowels Desvan [dez an] attic, arbol [ar ol] But notice, dos bacas [bakas] (b not between vowels)
/j/ sound: (only / / sound) English: Jail / eIl/ vs. Yale /jeIl/ Castillian: Llover / ober/ vs. Yo / o/ (to rain) (1st person sg.)
Phonology
Spanish has some other sounds: // and /rr/: Pero (but) vs. Perro (dog) /peo/ /perro/ //: nio (child), mueca (doll, wrist)
Morphology
Spanish is a relatively inflected language. with a two-gender system (masculine & femenine): ex.: chico vs. chica girl boy Adjectives determiners and have also gender: ex.: la vs el (the) alta vs alto (tall) Adjectives and determiners have to agree with the noun gender: ex.: la chica alta (the tall girl)
Morphology about fifty conjugated forms per verb. ex.: habl-a-ba-mos We spoke habl- = speak a = 1st conjugation type (types I, II, III=ar, er, ir) ba = imperfective indicative mos = 1st person plural (we)
Syntax
Spanish is pro-drop. ex.: (yo) como pizza I eat pizza I eat pizza Spanish is generally Subject-Verb-Object, though variations are common. ex.: Juan compr el peridico (SVO) John bought the newspaper ex,; Compr el peridico Juan (VOS) bought the newspaper John
Syntax Spanish usually places adjectives after nouns. ex.: Ella es una chica bonita she is a girl pretty She is a pretty girl
Phonology - Stress
Spanish has a phonemic stress system:
stress is not fixed, and different stress patterns can result in separate meanings for one and the same word. Spanish makes abundant use of this feature, especially in distinguishing verb conjugation forms. ex.: camino (with penultimate stress) "road or "I walk vs. ex.: camin (with final stress) "you (formal)/he/she/it walked (see English record vs. record)
Phonology - Stress
ex.: prctico (first-syllable stress) "practical vs. ex.: practico (second-syllable stress) "I practice vs.
ex.: practic (last-syllable stress) "you (formal)/he/she/it practiced."
Phonology Stress & Intonation Stress and intonation are very important ex.: como como como como como como Cmo, cmo como? Como como como! "What do you mean / how / do I eat? / I eat / the way / I eat!"
SPANISH DIALECTS
Spanish dialects
Peninsular Spanish: Castillian, Andalusian*. Latin American: Caribbean: Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Cuba. Costal Venezuela & Colombia. Mexico: Mexico, Southwest US, Guatemala. Andes: North Argentina & North Chile, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Colombian Highlands. Rio de la Plata: Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay. Chile *a region of Spain, east of Portugal & Atlantic Ocean, capitol is Seville
US Spanish: Southwest (California, Texas), Lousiana, Florida (Dade County), New York.
Andalusian similarities with American Spanish
Yeismo - the delateralization of <ll>. pollo /po o/ (palatal l, like Italian l) > /po o/ chicken
(sounds like y with friction) (American Spanish-y - /pojo/)
Seseo -- ce, ci, ze, zi are pronounced with /s/ where Castilian uses th [ ]. Latin Am. Castillian Cecilia /sesilia/ / e ilia/ Zaragoza /saragosa/ / arago a/ Gonzalez /gonsales/ /gon ale / Velarization of final /n/ Latin Am. en la casa /e la casa/ at/in the house Spain /en la casa/
Second Person Pronouns in Spanish
SPAIN (except Andalusia) 2nd p. sg. Informal 2nd p. sg. Formal 2nd p. pl. informal 2nd p. pl. formal T Usted Vosotros Ustedes ARGENTINA/ URUGUAY Vos Usted Ustedes Rest of
LATIN AMERICA/
Andalusia T Usted Ustedes
Second Person Pronouns in Spanish: Examples
Informal you singular Argentina/Uruguay Vos debs venir a verme you have to come to see me. Spain/Latin America Tu debes venir a verme you have to come to see me. Informal you plural Spain Vosotros sois americanos you all are Americans Latin American/Andalusia Ustedes son americanos You (plural) are Americans
Phonological Features of Caribbean Spanish
Aspiration of /s/ at the end of a syllable or word estos chicos these boys /estos ikos/ > (peninsular) /estoh ikoh/ (caribean)
Aspiration of gor j (not pronounced like German Bach /bax/) Gente joven / ente oben/ > young people (peninsular; North of Madrid)
=uvular sound
/hente hoben/ (Carribean)
/xente xoben/ -Mexico, Peru pronunciation
X=velar sound
Velarization of /n/ or nasalization of vowel Sin ton ni son /sin ton ni son/ > (peninsular) without rhyme or reason /si to ni so/ or /s t ni s/ (Carribean)
Phonological Features of Caribbean Spanish
Merger of syllable final /r/ and /l/ mi amor darling reportar to report Puerto Rico /mi amol/ /repoltal/ /puelto rico/
Deletion of intervocalic /d/ Desesperado /desesperao/ desperate; hopeless
Puerto Rican Spanish
Uvular voiced sound (like French /r/ as in rouge) Corro & Cojo = /ko o/ I run I take/grab (as in transportation, for ex.) Peninsular speakers, particularly Northern Spain, use this word too, but have a /x/ pronunciation cojo [koxo]
Dominican Spanish: hablar con la i '
Found in speech of Dominicans from El Cibao* cuarto room capital capital maldito damned carne meat > cuaito
>
capitai
>
maidito
>
caine
*region of the Dominican Republic
Spanish in Contact with English
Spanish in Contact with English
Grammar
Morphological future is replaced by periphrastic form
ir hablar
> voy a ir I will go > voy a hablar I will talk
Use of imperfect instead of simple past Imperfect tena haba estaba poda quera Simple Past tuvo he/she,it had hubo there was era he/she,it was pudo he/she,it could quiso he/she,it wanted
Use of estar instead of ser Ser and estar can both be translated as "to be." If you are talking about what something is, use ser If you are talking about how something is, use estar. Spanish speakers born in the US may be unsure of when to use ser vs. estar and so they just use estar everywhere.
Examples
What is she like? Use ser: Ella es callada. She is quiet. How is she acting? Use estar: Ella est callada. She is being quiet
The Subjunctive in Spanish
In Spanish the subjunctive is used to discuss potential or hypothetical events, or events portrayed subjectively. This subjunctive "mood" contrasts with the "indicative" mood, which presents information as actual, objective fact.
Indicative vs. Subjunctive
Indicative: Tu hablas con tu madre. you speak with your mother Subjunctive Quiero que hables con tu madre. I want you to speak with your mother.
Loss of the subjunctive in US Spanish
Spanish speakers in the US are starting to use the indicative rather than the subjunctive. Es necesario que hable. (subjunctive) It is necessary that he speak. Es necesario que habla. (indicative) It is necessary that he speak.
New York Spanish, a New Dialect, Rises
By SARAH GARLAND Staff Reporter of the New York Sun January 17, 2008 When it comes to language, Hispanic immigrants are doing more than just picking up English as they spend time in New York City: They're also learning new ways of speaking Spanish, a new study that was six years in the making shows. The study, by a CUNY graduate school linguist, has uncovered a New York City-specific way of speaking Spanish that, in addition to English, has been influenced by dialects from Puerto Rico, Mexico, the Dominican Republic, Cuba, and Ecuador.
Researchers made the discovery a clue that Hispanic immigrants are mingling frequently among one another and with English speakers by studying one of the tiniest but most telling components of the Spanish language: the pronoun. The little words, necessary in English but optional in most Spanish dialects, were found peppered in New York Spanish much more frequently than in the Spanish of immigrants' native countries. "The longer you're here, the more pronouns you use," a coauthor of the study, Ricardo Otheguy, a linguist at the City University of New York Graduate Center, said. "Even if you don't know English and you're here a long time, the pronouns within you grow." The study has wider implications beyond its tiny subject, indicating that immigrants are adapting to their new home country and its language, even in a city with a high concentration of Spanish speakers. It comes amid intense election-year debate on immigration, fueled partly by concerns about whether the new wave of Hispanic immigrants is adapting to life in America at the same pace as immigrants in the past.