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Course: SIMULATION 20091, Spring 2009
School: Istanbul Technical...
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Test: Sezgisel Kutu Grafii Gzlenen 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Uygunluk Testleri Gzlemlerin dalm fonksiyonu F olan bir dalmndan alnm bamsz veriler olup olmadna ilikin hipotez testleridir. H 0 : X iler dalm fonksiyonu F olan IID rastsal deikendirler. Az veri says iin farkllklara duyarszdr. Veri says bydke H 0 hipotezi her zaman ret edilir. 1 2 Teorik Kantil U deer Oktil Kartil Medyan Kartil Oktil U deer Yzde 0.000...

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Test: Sezgisel Kutu Grafii Gzlenen 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Uygunluk Testleri Gzlemlerin dalm fonksiyonu F olan bir dalmndan alnm bamsz veriler olup olmadna ilikin hipotez testleridir. H 0 : X iler dalm fonksiyonu F olan IID rastsal deikendirler. Az veri says iin farkllklara duyarszdr. Veri says bydke H 0 hipotezi her zaman ret edilir. 1 2 Teorik Kantil U deer Oktil Kartil Medyan Kartil Oktil U deer Yzde 0.000 0.125 0.250 0.500 0.750 0.825 1.000 Gzlenen Deer 0.08 0.57 1.13 2.89 6.21 7.36 11.54 Teorik Deer 0.00 0.49 1.05 2.53 5.06 6.36 - Teorik dalmn birikimli olaslk fonksiyonu kullanlarak kantil deerleri bulunur. Uygunluk Testleri 1. Ki-Kare testi 2. Kolmogorov-Smirnov testi 3. Anderson-Darling testi rnek 1 Aadaki veriler toplanm olsun: No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Deer 4.78 5.35 3.84 3.47 3.27 3.78 3.33 3.73 4.35 1.92 No 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Deer 2.25 4.58 4.51 3.24 3.33 3.69 4.75 4.48 6.02 4.00 3 4 rnek 1 - Snflar Snf Alt Limit st Limit 1.915 2.745 3.575 4.405 5.235 2.745 3.575 4.405 5.235 6.065 Toplam Gzlenen Sklk 2 5 6 5 2 20 rnek 1 - Histogram Teorik ve Gzlenen S kl k 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 2.33 3.16 3.99 Snf Orta De eri 4.82 5.65 x min = 1.92 x max = 6.02 n = 20 sn = 5 gs = 6.02 1.92 = 0.82 0.83 5 5 6 1 rnek 1 Q-Q Grafii Q-Q Grafii No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Gzlenen Olas lk 0.025 0.075 0.125 0.175 0.225 0.275 0.325 0.375 0.425 0.475 0.525 0.575 0.625 0.675 0.725 0.775 0.825 0.875 0.925 0.975 Deer 1.92 2.25 3.24 3.27 3.33 3.33 3.47 3.69 3.73 3.78 3.84 4.00 4.35 4.48 4.51 4.58 4.75 4.78 5.35 6.02 z Deeri -1.96 -1.44 -1.15 -0.93 -0.76 -0.60 -0.45 -0.32 -0.19 -0.06 0.06 0.19 0.32 0.45 0.60 0.76 0.93 1.15 1.44 1.96 Teorik De er 2.03 2.53 2.81 3.03 3.19 3.35 3.49 3.62 3.75 3.87 3.99 4.11 4.24 4.37 4.51 4.67 4.83 5.05 5.33 5.83 rnek 1 P-P Grafii P-P Grafii No De er 1.92 2.25 3.24 3.27 3.33 3.33 3.47 3.69 3.73 3.78 3.84 4.00 4.35 4.48 4.51 4.58 4.75 4.78 5.35 6.02 Gzlenen Teorik Olaslk Olaslk 0.025 0.075 0.125 0.175 0.225 0.275 0.325 0.375 0.425 0.475 0.525 0.575 0.625 0.675 0.725 0.775 0.825 0.875 0.925 0.975 0.019 0.042 0.238 0.248 0.268 0.268 0.318 0.402 0.418 0.439 0.463 0.529 0.667 0.715 0.725 0.749 0.801 0.810 0.928 0.984 Q-Q Grafii 5.9 5.4 4.9 4.4 3.9 3.4 2.9 2.4 1.9 1.9 2.9 3.9 4.9 5.9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 P-P Grafii 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 7 8 rnek 1 Kutu Grafii rnek 1 Ki-Kare Testi Snf Alt Limit st Limit 1.915 2.745 3.575 4.405 5.235 Teorik Gzlenen z Birikimli Olas lk Sklk Deeri Olas lk 2.745 2 -1.22 0.111 0.111 3.575 5 -0.37 0.356 0.245 4.405 6 0.49 0.688 0.332 5.235 5 1.35 0.912 0.224 6.065 2 2.20 1.000 0.088 Toplam 20 1 Sklk 2.22 4.90 6.64 4.48 1.76 20.00 1 2 3 4 5 6 Kantil U deer Oktil Kartil Medyan Kartil Oktil U deer Yer 1 3 5.5 10.5 15.5 18 20 Yzde Deer 0.000 1.92 0.125 3.24 0.250 3.33 0.500 3.81 0.750 4.55 0.825 4.78 1.000 6.02 9 Snf Alt Limit st Limit 3.575 4.405 Gzlenen Teorik Ki-Kare Sklk Sklk 3.575 7 7.12 0.002 4.405 6 6.64 0.062 7 6.24 0.093 Toplam 20 20 0.157 sd = s k 1 = 3 2 1 = 0 Serbestlik derecesi 0 olamayaca iin 1 alnacaktr. = 0.05 12, 0.05 = 3.84 10 rnek 1 Kolmogorov-Smirnov Snf Alt Limit st Limit 1.915 2.745 3.575 4.405 5.235 2.745 3.575 4.405 5.235 6.065 Teorik z De eri -1.22 -0.37 0.49 1.35 2.20 Birikimli Olas lk 0.111 0.356 0.688 0.912 1.000 Gzlenen Sklk 2 5 6 5 2 Birikimli Olas lk 0.10 0.35 0.65 0.90 1.00 En Byk Fark 0.011 0.006 0.038 0.012 0.000 0.038 rnek 1 Ki-Kare (Eit) Snf Alt Limit 3.27574 3.93000 4.58426 st Limit 3.27574 3.93000 4.58426 Teorik Birikimli z Olaslk Deeri 0.25 -0.675 0.50 0.000 0.75 0.675 1.00 Gzlenen Ki-Kare Sklk 4 0.2 7 0.8 5 0.0 4 0.2 Toplam 1.2 Sklk 5 5 5 5 sd = n = 20 = 0.05 D20, 0.05 = 0.294 11 sd = s k 1 = 4 2 1 = 1 = 0.05 12, 0.05 = 3.84 12 2 rnek 1 KS (Alt-st Sapma) Gzlenen Olaslk No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 De er 1.92 2.25 3.24 3.27 3.33 3.33 3.47 3.69 3.73 3.78 3.84 4.00 4.35 4.48 4.51 4.58 4.75 4.78 5.35 6.02 Alt st Kestirim Kestirim 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 Teorik Birikimli Olaslk 0.019 0.042 0.238 0.248 0.268 0.268 0.318 0.402 0.418 0.439 0.463 0.529 0.667 0.715 0.725 0.749 0.801 0.810 0.928 0.984 Alt Sapma 0.019 0.008 0.138 0.098 0.068 0.018 0.018 0.052 0.018 0.011 0.037 0.021 0.067 0.065 0.025 0.001 0.001 0.040 0.028 0.034 st Sapma 0.031 0.058 0.088 0.048 0.018 0.032 0.032 0.002 0.032 0.061 0.087 0.071 0.017 0.015 0.025 0.051 0.049 0.090 0.022 0.016 En Byk Byk Sapma 0.031 0.058 0.138 0.098 0.068 0.032 0.032 0.052 0.032 0.061 0.087 0.071 0.067 0.065 0.025 0.051 0.049 0.090 0.028 0.034 0.138 K-S Testi (Dzeltilmi) Durum Dzeltilmi Test statistii 0.11 n + 0.12 + Dn n 0.85 n 0.01 + Dn n 0.2 0.5 Dn n + 0.26 + n n 0.850 1.138 0.775 0.926 0.900 1.224 0.819 0.990 1- 0.950 1.358 0.895 1.094 1- 0.975 1.480 0.955 1.190 0.990 1.628 1.035 1.308 sd = n = 20 = 0.05 D20, 0.05 = 0.294 Parametreler biliniyor Normal stel Weibull n Dn n 10 20 50 0.900 0.760 0.779 0.790 0.803 0.950 0.819 0.843 0.856 0.874 0.975 0.880 0.907 0.922 0.939 0.990 0.944 0.973 0.988 1.007 13 14 rnek 1 Anderson Darling No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Deer 1.92 2.25 3.24 3.27 3.33 3.33 3.47 3.69 3.73 3.78 3.84 4.00 4.35 4.48 4.51 4.58 4.75 5.35 4.78 6.02 Kkten Bye F(x i) 0.019 0.042 0.238 0.248 0.268 0.268 0.318 0.402 0.418 0.439 0.463 0.529 0.667 0.715 0.725 0.749 0.801 0.81 0.928 0.984 Bykten Ke F(xn-i-1) 0.984 0.928 0.81 0.801 0.749 0.725 0.715 0.667 0.529 0.463 0.439 0.418 0.402 0.318 0.268 0.268 0.248 0.238 0.042 0.019 ln(F(x i)) -3.963 -3.17 -1.435 -1.394 -1.317 -1.317 -1.146 -0.911 -0.872 -0.823 -0.77 -0.637 -0.405 -0.335 -0.322 -0.289 -0.222 -0.211 -0.075 -0.016 ln(1-F(xn-i-1)) -4.135 -2.631 -1.661 -1.614 -1.382 -1.291 -1.255 -1.1 -0.753 -0.622 -0.578 -0.541 -0.514 -0.383 -0.312 -0.312 -0.285 -0.272 -0.043 -0.019 Toplam A 2 A-D Testi (Dzeltilmi) Durum Parametreler biliniyor Normal stel Weibull Dzeltilmi Test statistii An2 n5 4 25 2 1 + 2 An n n 0.6 2 1 + An n 0.2 2 1 + An n -8.098 -17.403 -15.48 -21.056 -24.291 -28.688 -31.213 -30.165 -27.625 -27.455 -28.308 -27.094 -22.975 -19.386 -18.386 -18.631 -16.731 -16.905 -4.366 -1.365 0.281 Zi = F(X(i) ) 1 n A2 = (2i 1){ln( i ) +ln( Zni+1)} n Z 1 n i=1 Normal dalm iin 1- 0.900 1.933 0.632 1.070 0.637 0.950 2.492 0.751 1.326 0.757 0.975 3.070 0.870 1.587 0.877 0.990 3.857 1.029 1.943 1.038 Dzeltilmi Dzeltilmi 4 25 A 2 = 1 + 2 A 2 n n 4 25 A 2 = 1 + 2 0.281 = 0.320 20 20 sd = n = 20 = 0.05 2 A20, 0.05 = 0.751 15 15 16 rnek 2 Aadaki veriler toplanm olsun: No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Deer 6.80 0.20 14.67 0.97 5.01 1.73 0.17 8.26 1.49 0.31 0.35 8.43 4.89 2.85 0.67 17 17 rnek 2 - Snflar Snf Alt Limit st Limit 0.165 5.005 9.845 Gzlenen Sklk 5.005 11 9.845 3 14.685 1 Toplam 15 xmin = 0.17 xmax = 14.67 n = 15 sn = 3 gs = 14.67 0.17 = 4.83 4.84 3 18 3 rnek 2 - Histogram Teorik ve Gzlenen S kl k 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2.585 7.425 S nf Orta De eri 12.265 rnek 2 Q-Q Grafii Q-Q Grafii No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 19 Gzlenen Olaslk 0.033 0.100 0.167 0.233 0.300 0.367 0.433 0.500 0.567 0.633 0.700 0.767 0.833 0.900 0.967 Deer 0.17 0.20 0.31 0.35 0.67 0.97 1.49 1.73 2.85 4.89 5.01 6.80 8.26 8.43 14.67 Teorik Deer 0.13 0.40 0.69 1.01 1.35 1.73 2.15 2.63 3.17 3.80 4.56 5.52 6.79 8.73 12.89 Q-Q Grafii 14.00 12.00 10.00 8.00 6.00 4.00 2.00 0.00 0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 20 rnek 2 P-P Grafii P-P Grafii No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Deer 0.17 0.20 0.31 0.35 0.67 0.97 1.49 1.73 2.85 4.89 5.01 6.80 8.26 8.43 14.67 Gzlenen Teorik Olaslk Olaslk 0.033 0.044 0.100 0.051 0.167 0.079 0.233 0.088 0.300 0.162 0.367 0.226 0.433 0.325 0.500 0.366 0.567 0.529 0.633 0.725 0.700 0.733 0.767 0.834 0.833 0.887 0.900 0.892 0.967 0.979 rnek 2 Kutu Grafii P-P Grafii 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 4 8 12 16 Kantil U deer Oktil Kartil Medyan Kartil Oktil U deer 21 Yer 1 2.5 4.5 8.0 11.5 13.5 15 Yzde Deer 0.000 0.17 0.125 0.26 0.250 0.51 0.500 1.73 0.750 5.91 0.825 8.35 1.000 14.67 22 rnek 2 Ki-Kare Testi Snf Alt Limit st Limit 0.165 5.005 9.845 Gzlenen Birikimli Sklk Olaslk 5.005 11 0.733 9.845 3 0.926 14.685 1 1.000 Toplam 15 Teorik Olaslk 0.733 0.193 0.074 1 Sklk 11.00 2.90 1.10 15 rnek 2 Kolmogorov-Smirnov Snf Teorik Alt st Birikimli Limit Limit Olaslk 0.165 5.005 0.733 5.005 9.845 0.926 9.845 14.685 1.000 Gzlenen Birikimli Olaslk 11 0.733 3 0.933 1 1.000 En Byk Sklk Fark 0.000 0.007 0.000 0.007 Snf Alt Limit st Limit 5.005 5.005 Toplam Gzlenen Sklk 11 4 15 Teorik Sklk 11 4 15 Ki-Kare 0.00 0.00 0.00 sd = s k 1 = 2 1 1 = 0 Serbestlik derecesi 0 olamayaca iin 1 alnacaktr. sd = n = 15 = 0.05 = 0.05 D15, 0.05 = 0.338 12, 0.05 = 3.84 23 24 4 rnek 2 Ki-Kare (Eit) Teorik Birikimli Alt Limit st Limit Sklk Olaslk 1.53671 0.33 5 1.53671 4.16374 0.67 5 4.16374 1.00 5 Snf Gzlenen Sklk 7 2 6 Toplam rnek 2 KS (Alt-st Sapma) No De er Gzlenen Olaslk Teorik Alt st Alt Birikimli Kestirim Kestirim Sapma Olas lk 0.17 0.00 0.07 0.044 0.044 0.20 0.07 0.13 0.051 0.016 0.31 0.13 0.20 0.079 0.054 0.35 0.20 0.27 0.088 0.112 0.67 0.27 0.33 0.162 0.105 0.97 0.33 0.40 0.226 0.107 1.49 0.40 0.47 0.325 0.075 1.73 0.47 0.53 0.366 0.101 2.85 0.53 0.60 0.529 0.004 4.89 0.60 0.67 0.725 0.125 5.01 0.67 0.73 0.733 0.066 6.80 0.73 0.80 0.834 0.101 8.26 0.80 0.87 0.887 0.087 8.43 0.87 0.93 0.892 0.025 14.67 0.93 1.00 0.979 0.046 st Sapma 0.023 0.082 0.121 0.179 0.171 0.174 0.142 0.167 0.071 0.058 0.000 0.034 0.020 0.041 0.021 En By k Byk Sapma 0.044 0.082 0.121 0.179 0.171 0.174 0.142 0.167 0.071 0.125 0.066 0.101 0.087 0.041 0.046 0.179 Ki-Kare 0.8 1.8 0.2 2.8 sd = s k 1 = 3 1 1 = 1 = 0.05 12,0.05 = 3.84 25 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 sd = n = 15 = 0.05 D15, 0.05 = 0.338 26 rnek 2 Anderson Darling No Deer 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 0.17 0.20 0.31 0.35 0.67 0.97 1.49 1.73 2.85 4.89 5.01 6.80 8.26 8.43 14.67 Birikimli Olaslk Kkten Bykten Ke Bye Fn-i+1(xi) Fi(x i) 0.044 0.979 0.051 0.892 0.079 0.887 0.088 0.834 0.162 0.733 0.226 0.725 0.325 0.529 0.366 0.366 0.529 0.325 0.725 0.226 0.733 0.162 0.834 0.088 0.887 0.079 0.892 0.051 0.979 0.044 ln(Fi(xi)) ln(1-Fn-i+1(x i)) -3.124 -2.976 -2.538 -2.43 -1.82 -1.487 -1.124 -1.005 -0.637 -0.322 -0.311 -0.182 -0.12 -0.114 -0.021 -3.863 -2.226 -2.18 -1.796 -1.321 -1.291 -0.753 -0.456 -0.393 -0.256 -0.177 -0.092 -0.082 -0.052 -0.045 Toplam A 2 -6.987 -15.606 -23.59 -29.582 -28.269 -30.558 -24.401 -21.915 -17.51 -10.982 -10.248 -6.302 -5.05 -4.482 -1.914 0.826 stel dalm iin Dzeltilmi 0.6 2 A2 = 1 + A n Dzeltilmi 0 .6 A 2 = 1 + 0.826 = 0.860 15 sd = n = 15 = 0.05 2 A15, 0.05 = 1.326 27 5
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Istanbul Technical University - LOGISTICS - 20091
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CHAPTER 3 Product Costing and Cost Accumulation in a Batch Production EnvironmentANSWERS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS3-1 (a) Use in financial accounting: In financial accounting, product costs are needed to determine the value of inventory on the balance sheet a
東京大学 - BUSINESS A - 139
CHAPTER 4 Process Costing and Hybrid Product-Costing SystemsANSWERS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS4-1 In a job-order costing system, costs are assigned to batches or job orders of production. Job-order costing is used by firms that produce relatively small numbers
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CHAPTER 5 Activity-Based CostingANSWERS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS5-1 In a traditional, volume-based product-costing system, only a single predetermined overhead rate is used. All manufacturingoverhead costs are combined into one cost pool, and they are applie
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CHAPTER 6 Activity-Based Management and Cost Management ToolsANSWERS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS6-1 The two-dimensional activity-based costing model provides one way of picturing the relationship between ABC and ABM. The vertical dimension of the model depicts
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CHAPTER 7 Activity Analysis, Cost Behavior, and Cost EstimationANSWERS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS7-1 Cost behavior patterns are important in the process of making cost predictions. Cost predictions are used in planning, control, and decision making. For exampl
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(CDP)CH03 1 2 3 4 1
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Need Recognition ProcessCH04 12 ( ) ( ) ( ) 3 41 : 1. 2. 3. 4. :
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Ch05 1 2 341 1. Determinants of Retailer Success 1. Location 2. Nature and quality of assortment 3. Price 4. Advertising and promotion 5. Sales personnel 6. Service offer
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CHAPTER 6 Post-Purchase Processes: Consumption and PostConsumption Evaluations : 12 Consumption Behavior 3 41Consumption BehaviorWhen does Consumption Occur? How much time passes between purchase and consumption? What time of day is produc
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Analyzing and Predicting Consumer Behavior CHAPTER 7Demographics Personality Values LifestylesDemographics, Psychographics, Values, and Personality 89 65 8.62% 7% =(65 /0-14 )*100 80 24.79%89 40.85% =(0-14 +65)/ 15-64 *100 80 48.96%89 42.32%
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Consumer Motivation CHAPTER 8Represents the drive to satisfy both physiological and psychological needs through product purchase and consumption Consumer Motivation Roger D. Blackwell, Paul W. Miniard, and James F. Engel, Consumer Behavior , Ninth Edi
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CH09 12 3 41 : Recall : which brands can be retrieved from memory Top-of-the-mind awareness : the particular brand that is remembered first (Product image): (symbols) (Image analysis):
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CHAPTER 12The Importance of Families and Households on Consumer Behavior Many products are purchased by a family unitFamily and Household Influences Individual buying decisions s may be heavily influenced by other family members Families and Househol
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CHAPTER 3The Consumer Decision ProcessRogerD.Blackwell,PaulW.Miniard,andJamesF.Engel,ConsumerBehavior,NinthEdition Copyright2001byHarcourt,Inc.Allrightsreserved.The Consumer Decision ProcessBlackwell,Miniard,andEngel,ConsumerBehavior,NinthEdition,Copy
東京大学 - BUSINESS A - 139
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LEARNING MANUFACTURING RESOURCES PLANNING INTRODUCTION Manufacturing resources planning (MRP II) involves various time-phased calculations such as master production scheduling (MPS), material requirement planning (MRP), lot sizing, and capacity requiremen
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東京大学 - BUSINESS A - 139
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CHAPTER 9 Profit Planning, Activity-Based Budgeting, and e-BudgetingANSWERS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS9-1 A budget facilitates communication and coordination by making each manager throughout the organization aware of the plans made by other managers. The budg
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CHAPTER 10 Standard Costing and Performance Measures for Todays Manufacturing EnvironmentANSWERS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS10-1 Any control system has three basic parts: a predetermined or standard performance level, a measure of actual performance, and a comp
東京大学 - BUSINESS A - 139
東京大学 - BUSINESS A - 139
CHAPTER 12 Responsibility Accounting and Total Quality ManagementANSWERS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS12-1 Goal congruence results when the managers of subunits throughout an organization strive to achieve objectives that are consistent with the goals set by top
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東京大学 - BUSINESS A - 139
東京大学 - BUSINESS A - 139
東京大学 - BUSINESS A - 139
東京大学 - BUSINESS A - 139
東京大学 - BUSINESS A - 139
東京大学 - BUSINESS A - 139
東京大学 - BUSINESS A - 139
東京大学 - BUSINESS A - 139