INFLUENCE
CONFORMITY
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Changed SOCIAL behavior to be similar to others. may or may not involve belief change Conformity, Compliance, Obedience Conformity is not the only cause of similarity among group members. Selfselection, and response to common situations can also produce similar behavior and beliefs.
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Sherif Autokinetic Effect
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Sherif Autokinetic Effect
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Judgments are initially different, but they converge---Subjects Conform People are uncertain about the extent of movement Both public and private judgments are affected
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Asch lines
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Asch lines
Subject hears responses of 4 confederates and responds publicly s Confederates are often wrong Most subjects (76%) conformed on some occasions s Extent of conformity varied a lot--5% always conformed , 24% never conformed Overall, 1/3 of all responses were conforming responses s Correct answer is obvious s Only public conformity
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Two Reasons For Conformity
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INFORMATIONAL SOCIAL INFLUENCE NORMATIVE SOCIAL INFLUENCE
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INFORMATIONAL SOCIAL INFLUENCE
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Behavior of others provides convincing information (After test discuss test questions--relieved if others agree with your answer) Uncertainty Results in both public and private behavior change
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NORMATIVE SOCIAL INFLUENCE
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Based on internal or external pressures to act according to social norms Expectation that norms will be enforced, deviations will be punished in some way Conform to be liked, treated better, not make waves, end disagreement Affects public behavior, but not private attitudes
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REACTIONS TO A DEVIATE
SCHACTER-- Discussion of how to treat a young delinquent. s Almost everyone thinks kid needs love & attention, but one confederate consistently advocates strong punishment. s Deviant gets lots of pressure, x is given low-status assignments, and is rejected.
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Milgram Shock Study
Subjects thought they were teachers & had to shock a learner s Each error resulted in a higher shock: From mild (15 volts) to extremely dangerous (450 volts). s Confederate was not really shocked, but the subjects believed the shocks were real. s When subjects resisted giving shocks, experimenter insisted that they give the next Shock shock.
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Milgram Study
65 % of Subjects fully complied with the experimenter--gave 450 volt shocks. s Conformity varied with circumstances x pounding only x yelling x proximity-learner in same room x touch-had to force learner's hand onto shock plate x supporting role
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CONFORMITY VARIES
70% PERCENT FULLY CONFORMING 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
65% 62.5% 40% 30%
POUND YELL PROXIMITY TOUCH
CONFORMITY VARIES
100.00% 90.00% 80.00% 70.00% 60.00% 50.00% 40.00% 30.00% 20.00% 10.00% 0.00%
RECORDER TAKE OVER
FACTORS AFFECTING CONFORMITY
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STATUS--more likely to yield to a high status other (pilots 94%, gunner 63% with correct answer), high status people are given more freedom to deviate from the group norms SIZE--Increases conformity, but levels off quickly (4-6 PEOPLE), at least when there is no ally
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SIZE AND CONFORMITY
40
PERCENT CONFORMING
35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
AN ALLY REDUCES CONFORMITY ASCH LINES
40 35 PERCENT CONFORMING 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 4 PERSON 8 PERSON NO ALLY ALLY
FACTORS AFFECTING CONFORMITY
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COHESION --more conformity in a cohesive group more yielding more pressure CONFIDENCE x -more self-confidence less conformity x more group confidence more conformity
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3 2.5 2 1.5
Confidence & Conformity
Conformity
Low Self Confidence 1 High Se...