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of Author/Description Author Ida B. Wells (1862-1931) was born a slave in Mississippi. Her civil rights career took off when she refused to move to the colored car on a railroad train. Became a journalist, lecturer, and crusader. She became well known throughout the Western World. Suggested Alternatives How does the author develop their arguments? States that the South has not changed since the AnteBellum period. "They have cheated him (AA) out of his ballet, deprived him of civil rights or redress in the Civil Courts thereof, robbed him of the fruits of his labor, and are still murdering, burning, and lynching him." (39) Strengths and weaknesses Calls for the punishment of lynchers and abolishment of lynch law. The public must be active and make demands and protests that these crimes be brought to justice. Says the AA has remained law-abiding even though they have faced much discrimination and injustice. Calls the AA the backbone of the South and the black people should have a bloodless strike so that the South realizes how much they need AA's. To win civil rights the black people must strike at the white man's pocket instead of at his conscience. She also states that black families should own a gun for protection. Booker T. Washington (1856-1915) Born a slave in Franklin County, Virginia. He attended Hampton Institute and worked his way through school. Then after he helped found the Tuskegee Institute and there he served as a guiding hand for 10 years. After which he received an honorary degree from Harvard and he became a celebrated educator, author, political figure, some thought of him as a 2nd Frederick Douglass Encourages The AA in the South to make friends with their white neighbors and show them the respect that his people want. Instead of trying to use the government to get ahead, Washington urges the black man to rely on himself instead of the system. Tells the AA that u must start from the bottom and educate yourself to get ahead and take pride in whatever u do because a farmer in just as important as a poet. Washington also urges the White people to "cast down their bucket" to negroes and that together they are stronger than divided. Claims that AA's represent 1/3 of the South and therefore should provide for 1/3rd of the economy, business, trade, ect. He sees the hate that is tearing the people apart yet at this exhibition it is clear that blacks and whites can work together and when they do the South will become more prosperous than it ever dreamed. Washington sees all the problems but he uses his common sense and other people should too to see that it is up to them to change things. Washington says "Our greatest danger is that in the great leap from slavery to freedom we may overlook that the masses of us are to live by the productions of our hands, and fail to keep in mind that we shall prosper in proportion as we learn to dignify and glorify common labour, and put brains and skill into the common occupations of life." (43) (S) Ida gives good examples and speaks with strong emotion which has always made people react to what she's saying. She brings her people together with her call for organizations and demonstrations. Her method would be very effective. (W) Ida stirs up too much emotion with her ideas. If the black people protested and got what they wanted the white South will still resent them because they would label them as whiners and complainers. Also with each black family owning a gun then a call for strike she is easily calling for a rebellion in the South. (S) Very effective solution, Washington is asking most people to use their common sense. I believe people should help one another. He is asking people to think with their brain and heart rather than their emotions. I feel that his proposal is the best, because it's simple, easy, and effective. Most importantly however it applies to everyone. (W) People use their emotions more than they use their brains and most whites at this time wouldn't want friendship with the black because of his color and that's something that can't be changed. Washington's proposal would and did take a long time. Dubois W.E.B. (18681963) Born in Massachusetts and was educated with white school children and attended Fisk University. Faced his first racial prejudice while attending school at Fisk. Academician and editor. He helped found the NAACP. Frances Harper (18251911) Born in Maryland was orphaned as a young girl and then sent to a black academy to learn. She became a Poet/Writer in 1845. She supported both AA rights and women's suffrage and was the founder and vice president of the NACW. Henry McNeal Turner Minister/Bishop in AME church, former Freedman's Bureau official; born & raised in the South Calls for AA's to follow the example of leaders and to make something of themselves instead of grieving over the issues their race faces. Calls for the youth, the best and most capable must go to school and on to college. He says that college is the breeding ground of knowledge and the transmission of culture and knowledge takes place from generation to generation. AA must go to college to be a well enough educated person to help his race by learning new things instead of buying new things. The AA people are told that they must not just work but work with the right ideals guided by intelligence. His main point is that the Negro race must be saved by its top 10 percent. In 2nd speech he calls for blacks to stand and fight for what they believe in and makes clear cut demands Harper states that the home is where children should receive the most important teaching to become a valuable citizen. She also instructs women to pick their husbands carefully so that their children and home are brought up right. Calls for equality in raising both the girl and the boy. Asserted that the problems AA faced were the results of slavery and racism based on their environment and not on genetic inferiority. Dubois also adds that AA's have been focusing too much on the lower 10th of the population which has been plagued by death, disease, and crime. He argues that blacks should look at the people who have made their dreams come true. His most influential and simple statement was "Here is a race of millions planted through the criminal foolishness of our fathers.... If you do not lift them up they will pull you down" (50) (S) Really pushes people to make something of themselves. Gives them a clear-cut path to success by informing the AA's that by going to college you can lead the AA's to the promised land. I do like his 2nd speech because he is assertive and makes clear cut demands of what blacks to strive for. (W) Dubois only focuses on the top ten percent the top ten percent. Other AA's probably felt left out or that they were embarrassing since they had the potential to bring down the community. I don't think Dubois first speech was very effective. Believes AAs, having learned Christianity and "civilization" in the U.S., should return to Africa; African Americans esp. men cannot be independent or truly free in the U.S. She sees that the most important attribute to a person is their character and states that it's the mother's responsibility to teach it. This argument must come from her being orphaned at a young age and seeing how much harder it was for her to grow up. She thinks that mothers need to be better mothers and her past experiences reflect in her speech. Claims Jim Crow laws "degrade" both oppressor and oppressed and promote "unracing" of blacks (loss of identity). Cannot respect self if one's race is not respected. Black children being taught they are inferior because "everything that is satanic, corrupt, base and infamous is black" (47). (S) Very clear message proclaimed from the heart and she cites direct examples to provoke people's minds. (W) Well first of all no woman want to be called a bad mother, so I'm not sure how well this message was received. (S) Would remove AA from U.S. and immediate threat of violence. Turner sees this as a means of "civilizing" Africans as well problematic b/c presumes they aren't civilized (W) Who would pay for the migration and why should AA move to a country they're not familiar with? Is removal a compromise or is it just avoiding a true solution?

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