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Quality Quality
Chapter Control
Statistical and mathematical techniques Sampling tables Process control charts
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Quality movements
Cost of Quality Zero-defect Programs Reliability Engineering Total Quality Control (also Total Quality Management)
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What is quality?
Deming: continuous improvement Juran: Fitness for use Crosby: conformance to requirements
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Application
Deming: manufacturing Juran: Technology Crosby: People-driven
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Target Audience
Deming: Workers Juran: Management Crosby: Workers
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ISO 9000
ISO 9000 defines key terms and acts as a road map for other standards ISO 9001 defines the model for a quality system when a contractor demonstrates the ability to design, produce, and install. ISO 9002 quality system model for final inspection and testing Quality management guidelines.
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Quality Policy
Principles stating what, not how Promote consistency Tell outsiders how organization views quality Specific guidelines for quality matters Provisions for changing the policy
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Quality objectives
Obtainable Define specific goals Understandable Specific deadlines
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Quality Assurance System
Identify objectives and standards Multifunctional and prevention-oriented Plan for collection and use of data in continuous improvement cycle Plan for establishment and maintenance of performance measures Include quality audits
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Quality Control
What to control Standards for corrective action Measurement methods Compare actual results to standards Correct non-conforming processes Monitor and calibrate measurement tools Include detailed documentation of processes
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Quality Audit
Ensures that quality standards will be met Products are safe and fit for use Laws and regulations were followed Data collection and distribution systems are adequate and accurate Corrective action taken when needed Identify improvement opportunities
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Quality Plan
Identify all internal and external customers Cause design process and produces what the customer wants Bring suppliers in early in the process Cause organization to be responsive to changes customer in needs Prove that the process works
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Cost of Quality
Prevention costs Appraisal costs Internal failure costs External failure costs
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Seven Quality Control Tools
Data Tables Cause-and-Effect Analysis Histogram Pareto Analysis Scatter Diagrams Trend Analysis Control Charts
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Cause-and-Effect Diagrams
Identify the problem Select brainstorming team Draw problem box and prime arrow Specify major categories Identify defect causes
Random, systematic, or process anlysis
Identify corrective action
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Pareto Analysis
Histogram to help identify and categorize problem areas Basic Pareto identifies few contributors to most problems (80/20 rule) Comparative focuses on any number of program options or actions Weighted gives a measure of significance to factors that may not seem significant at first: cost, time, criticality
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Scatter Diagrams and Trends
Show data points against two axes, usually some measure against time Can identify trends, such as bad parts increasing over time
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Control Charts
Focus on prevention of defects Determine whether process variability and average are at stable levels. That is, whether inherent variability is random or due to a discernable cause.
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Process Capability
Abili...