Coursehero >> New Jersey >> Rutgers >> PSYCH 101

Course Hero has millions of student submitted documents similar to the one below including study guides, homework solutions, papers, exam answer keys and textbook solutions.

person A who has been affected by a stereotype threat is likely to A. score higher on a test if there is an expectation that they will score lower. B. score lower on a test if they are a child and are tested by someone of their own ethnic group. C. score lower on a test if there is an expectation that they will score high and a failure to score higher will reflect badly on the group to which they belong. D. score lower on a would reflect badly belong. D. score lower on a would reflect badly belong. test because they fear not only that a poor score on themselves, but also on the group to which they test because they fear not only that a poor score on themselves, but also on the group to which they According to Erik Erikson, the major conflict of middle adulthood (late 20s through retirement) is A. superiority vs. inferiority. B. intimacy vs. isolation. C. generativity vs. stagnation. D. initiative vs. guilt. C. generativity vs. stagnation. Activity decreases in the visual cortex, and people become temporarily almost blind, during A. preattentive processing. B. hypnotic states. C. consolidation of memories. D. saccadic eye movements. D. saccadic eye movements. After seeing something in the right visual field, someone can name it and can point to it with the right hand, but not with the left. After seeing something on the left, the same person can point to it with the left hand but not the right, and cannot say what it was. Which part of the brain is probably damaged? A. Wernicke's area B. Broca's area C. parietal cortex D. corpus callosum D. corpus callosum An adolescent's concerns and decisions about the future and quest for self-understanding is called the A. interim stress factor. B. identity crisis. C. teen turmoil. D. vague crisis. B. identity crisis. An experimenter flashes one or more letters on the screen for a split second and then asks the viewer what he or she saw. Under which of the following conditions is the viewer most likely to answer correctly? A. The experimenter flashes C or J and asks what the letter was. B. The experimenter flashes CKOV or JKOV and asks for the first letter. C. The experimenter flashes CJ and asks what the two letters were. D. The experimenter flashes COIN or JOIN and asks for the first letter. D. The experimenter flashes COIN or JOIN and asks for the first letter. At the beginning of an experiment on classical conditioning, A. the animal cannot make a UCR. B. the CS elicits a CR automatically. C. the CS and the UCS are the same. D. the UCS elicits a UCR automatically. D. the UCS elicits a UCR automatically. Extensive practice at a particular skill, such as computer programming, improves that skill but has little effect on any other kind of performance. Therefore we classify the improved performance of that skill as A. psychomotor intelligence. B. general intelligence. C. fluid intelligence. D. crystallized intelligence. D. crystallized intelligence. Francis Galton, a British scholar, was the first to argue A. that a tendency toward high intelligence is primarily due to early education. B. that a tendency toward high intelligence is hereditary. C. that a tendency toward high intelligence is more likely to be seen in males compared to females. D. that a tendency toward high intelligence is mainly environmental. B. that a tendency toward high intelligence is hereditary. I have learned to open my umbrella in order to stop the rain from soaking me. What type of contingency led to this learning? A. punishment B. negative punishment C. positive reinforcement D. negative reinforcemen D. negative reinforcement In certain studies, newborn infants (age 0-3 days) could suck on a nipple at some times to hear their own mother's voice and at other times to hear another woman's voice. What did the infants do? A. They sucked more when they could hear their own mother. B. They sucked more when they could hear the other woman. C. They sucked vigorously but equally for either voice. D. They rarely sucked at all. A. They sucked more when they could hear their own mother. In European-American, middle-class families where divorce has occurred and the mother retained custody of the children, if the mother remarries A. girls tend to accept the stepfather better than boys. B. boys tend to accept the stepfather better than girls. C. both boys and girls tend to be very accepting of the stepfather. D. both boys and girls tend to reject every attempt the stepfather makes to establish a relationship B. boys tend to accept the stepfather better than girls. In the 1960s and 1970s Gardner and Gardner were able to teach a chimpanzee (named Washoe) to communicate by A. imitating human voice sounds. B. writing. C. typing on a computer terminal. D. sign language. D. sign language. It has been argued that children have a built-in mechanism for learning language that is called the A. linguine machinery. B. language hierarchy. C. morpheme machine. D. language acquisition device. D. language acquisition device. Olivia Sue understands that objects maintain their weight and volume after changes in shape. But she has trouble answering abstract or hypothetical questions. She is in which of Piaget's stages? A. formal operations B. sensorimotor C. concrete operations D. preoperational C. concrete operations One way in which conditioned taste aversions DIFFER from other learning is that A. animals associate illness with familiar food more easily than with unfamiliar food. B. animals learn to avoid food during infancy, but not in adulthood. C. animals associate food with illness despite long delays between them. D. animals rapidly forget the aversions they learn to foods. C. animals associate food with illness despite long delays between them. ou are quite sure that it rains every time you wash your car. In fact, this is probably not true, but it is most related to which heuristic? A. availability B. representativeness C. avoiding risk D. base-rate A. availability People are impaired in their ability to evaluate emotional situations quickly if they have had damage to which brain area? A. corpus callosum B. visual cortex C. motor cortex D. amygdala D. amygdala People often fail to notice something that occurs slowly, or while they are blinking their eyes or while moving their eyes. This phenomenon is called A. change blindness. B. the representativeness heuristic. C. the attentional blink. D. the Stroop effect. A. change blindness. Research that seems to show that first born children have higher IQs than later born children A. has always relied on unreliable measures of intelligence. B. actually shows that average IQ is higher in smaller families than larger families. C. actually shows that average IQ is higher in larger families than smaller families. D. was scored incorrectly-later born children have higher IQs than first born children B. actually shows that average IQ is higher in smaller families than larger families. Researchers have determined that, if a question is phrased in the right way, even 3-year-olds can A. describe events from the first 6 months of life. B. distinguish between reality and appearance. C. use abstract formal logic. D. respond at Kohlberg's sixth stage of moral reasoning. B. distinguish between reality and appearance. Some 2.5-year-old children are shown a small toy hidden in a small room, and then asked to find a larger toy in a larger room, using one room as a "map" of the other. Although they ordinarily fail, they can perform correctly if A. they are tested early in the morning. B. they are tested by a familiar researcher, with at least one parent present. C. the researcher repeats the instructions more slowly. D. the question is worded or explained in a different way. D. the question is worded or explained in a different way. Sternberg has identified three types of intelligence: practical, analytical, and ____. A. creative B. scientific C. fluid D. physical A. creative The presentation of previous stimuli that facilitates one to think of a certain object or concept is called A. categorization facilitation. B. priming. C. cognitive facilitation. D. hindsight bias. B. priming. The WAIS-III and the WISC-IV are similar tests, except that they are given to people of different A. disabilities. B. languages. C. intelligence levels. D. ages. D. ages. What is chaining in operant conditioning? A. training a sequence of behaviors in which the reinforcement for one behavior is the opportunity to perform the next behavior B. the weakening of a response by the omission of a favorable stimulus that would otherwise be presented C. reinforcement for successive approximations to a behavior D. the concept that certain stimuli are readily associated with each other and that certain responses are readily associated with certain outcomes A. training a sequence of behaviors in which the reinforcement for one behavior is the opportunity to perform the next behavior What is the typical age at which a baby says his or her first word? A. 1 month B. 6 months C. 1 year D. 2 years C. 1 year Which of the following is an intervening variable? A. food deprivation B. hunger C. increased intake of carbohydrates D. prolonged exercise B. hunger Which of the following would Piaget describe as an egocentric thought? A. "Stop what you're doing and come help me!" B. "If I know what I'm talking about, other people will understand it too." C. "When I grow up I want to be a famous scientist." D. "Sometimes I have strong impulses that I know I have to suppress." B. "If I know what I'm talking about, other people will understand it too." Yesterday Professor Eaton asked children of different ages (6 through 12) to list their favorite foods, and then compared the results for different ages. This is an example of which kind of study? A. double-blind B. single-blind C. longitudinal D. cross-sectional D. cross-sectional You are in the same cohort as other people who A. have the same interests that you do. B. were born at about the same time you were. C. have an IQ score within 10 points of yours. D. live in the same part of the country where you do B. were born at about the same time you were. A person who suffers from ____ may be mentally retarded but still able to produce language in a normal and skillful way. A. Broca's aphasia B. Williams syndrome C. Rett syndrome D. Wernicke's aphasi B. Williams syndrome A study presented participants with a variety of Pokemon characters and asked them to respond to a "target" character. Some other characters were consistently paired with either positive words or pictures or with negative words or pictures. The results of this study show that A. attitudes cannot be formed through classical conditioning. B. only positive attitudes can be formed through classical conditioning. C. attitudes can be classically conditioned, but only if the participants realize that words or images have been consistently paired with objects. D. attitudes can not realize that objects. D. attitudes can not realize that objects. be classically conditioned, even if the participants do words or images have been consistently paired with be classically conditioned, even if the participants do words or images have been consistently paired with According to Jean Piaget, A. children's thinking is like adults', but less informed. B. children's thinking is like adults', but slower. C. children's thinking is like adults', but less decisive. D. children's thinking is qualitatively different from adults'. D. children's thinking is qualitatively different from adults'. According to Piaget, how can we determine whether a child has the concept of object permanence? A. Watch the child's eye movements when the object moves. B. Place a toy behind a barrier and see whether the child retrieves it. C. Squash some clay or pour liquid into a different container and see whether the child thinks it still is the same amount. D. See whether the child consistently prefers one toy to another. B. Place a toy behind a barrier and see whether the child retrieves it. According to radical behaviorists, A. we can use behavioral observations to infer how the mind works. B. internal processes, such as hopes and expectations, are never the causes of behavior. C. all important behavioral variations can be traced to genetics. D. all behavior can be explained in terms of the id and the ego. B. internal processes, such as hopes and expectations, are never the causes of behavior. According to transformational grammar, what is the relationship between the deep structure of a sentence and its surface structure? A. Two sentences with the same deep structure may or may not have the same surface structure. B. Two sentences with the same surface structure must have the same deep structure. C. Two sentences with the same deep structure must have the same surface structure. D. Two sentences with the same deep structure cannot have the same surface structure. A. Two sentences with the same deep structure may or may not have the same surface structure. Adolescents are likely to overestimate their successes and underestimate their risks in what is termed the ____. Middle-aged adults show ____. A. personal fable...many of these same attitudes B. personal fable...realistic perceptions of success and risk C. identity moratorium...many of these same attitudes D. identity moratorium...realistic perceptions of success and risk A. personal fable...many of these same attitudes An infant's response to a sound ("ba") decreases every time she hears it. She is showing evidence of A. habituation B. disinhibition C. blocking D. evolution A. habituation An investigator measures how much various 4-month-old children cry and kick, and later determines how shy or outgoing those children are when they reach age 7 years. The investigator is probably studying A. temperament. B. intimacy versus isolation. C. generativity versus stagnation. D. initiative versus guilt. A. temperament. An investigator measures how much various 4-month-old children cry and kick, and later determines how shy or outgoing those children are when they reach age 7 years. The investigator is probably studying A. temperament. B. intimacy versus isolation. C. generativity versus stagnation. D. initiative versus guilt. A. temperament. eople who rely on the representativeness heuristic tend to overlook which kind of information? A. base-rate information B. script information C. reaction-time information D. creativity information A. base-rate information Even 3- and 4-year-old children can solve the conservation-of-number task (where one row of objects is more spread out than another row with an equal number of objects) using eight items if A. the items are different colors for the two rows. B. the items used are objects that the child is familiar with. C. the items used are objects that the child is unfamiliar with. D. the child is given extensive practice doing the task with few items. D. the child is given extensive practice doing the task with few items. If a deaf child learns neither spoken language nor sign language during childhood, what happens? A. The child continues to be open to learning either spoken or sign language later. B. The child can learn sign language later, but not spoken language. C. The child will be seriously impaired at learning either kind of language later. D. The child will be more likely to be bilingual than monolingual. C. The child will be seriously impaired at learning either kind of language later. In one study, students watched an experimenter fill two jars with sugar. They were then given two labels and instructed to put whichever label they wanted on each jar; one of the labels said "sucrose, table sugar" and the other said "not sodium cyanide, not poison." Later, when making Kool Aid, most subjects used the sugar from the jar labeled ____. These results are consistent with the idea that people ____. A. "not sodium cyanide, not poison"...often believe that experimenters use reverse psychology B. "not sodium cyanide, not poison"...rely on confirmation that things are safe C. "sucrose, table sugar"...saw the experimenter fill this jar D. "sucrose, table sugar"...have difficulty understanding negatives D. "sucrose, table sugar"...have difficulty understanding negatives In which situation does a child have the best chance of normal development? A. The parents have just been divorced and the mother goes to work for the first time. B. The child enters day care at age 1 and day care is adequate. C. The child enters day care at age 3 and day care is poor. D. The child enters day care at age 3 and day care is adequate. D. The child enters day care at age 3 and day care is adequate. Many studies have reported a relationship between parenting style and children's behavior, implying that parents cause changes in their children. An alternative explanation is that the parents' and children's behavior are related to each other because the parents and children share the same A. amniote. B. cohort. C. genetics. D. schema. C. genetics. Modern behaviorists tend to A. deny that heredity plays a role in variations in behavior. B. emphasize the role that heredity plays in behavior. C. focus their research on the role of environmental factors in behavior. D. employ the techniques pioneered by the structuralists. C. focus their research on the role of environmental factors in behavior. Newborn babies weighing less than 4 pounds at birth are at considerable risk for eventual mental retardation and various behavior problems. Which of the following seems to be most responsible for this relationship? A. These babies inherit a weak genetic structure from their father. B. Hospitals give small babies less attention, on average, than larger babies. C. Most small babies have Down syndrome or other identifiable medical disorders linked to brain malformation. D. Mothers get proper D. Mothers get proper of low-weight babies tend to be medical or nutritional care for of low-weight babies tend to be medical or nutritional care for young or poor themselves or young or poor themselves or and the and the unlikely to babies. unlikely to babies. Participants are shown two complex objects and are asked whether one object could be rotated in three dimensions until it matched the other one. When the answer is "yes," the participants' speed of answering depends on A. whether the subject is left-handed or right-handed. B. whether the object would have to rotate clockwise or counterclockwise in order to match the second object. C. how far the first object would actually have to rotate in order to match the second object. D. the color of the object C. how far the first object would actually have to rotate in order to match the second object. Psychologists who argue that psychologists should only study observable, measurable behaviors are called A. behaviorists. B. Gestalt psychologists. C. humanistic psychologists. D. psychoanalysts. A. behaviorists. Someone who sets high goals early in life but who does not start working toward them is likely to go through which experience at about age 40? A. moratorium B. midlife transition C. Kohlberg's stages D. identity achievement B. midlife transition Suppose a psychologist wishes to test the intelligence of people who do not speak English. Which of these tests would be the most appropriate? A. Stanford-Binet test B. Wechsler test C. Rorschach Inkblot test D. Raven's Progressive Matrices D. Raven's Progressive Matrices Suppose research indicates that variation in a particular influences gene the frequency of sexual behavior in young people. Which of the following statements would be true about that gene? A. The gene must exert its effects by influencing brain development. B. It is possible that the gene influences behavior by altering development of internal organs, physical appearance, or other non-brain characteristics. C. It will be difficult to alter people's sexual behavior except by genetic surgery or other biochemical means. D. Most people are probably homozygous for the dominant gene. B. It is possible that the gene influences behavior by altering development of internal organs, physical appearance, or other non-brain characteristics. Suppose research indicates that variation in a particular gene influences the frequency of sexual behavior in young people. Which of the following statements would be true about that gene? A. The gene must exert its effects by influencing brain development. B. It is possible that the gene influences behavior by altering development of internal organs, physical appearance, or other non-brain characteristics. C. It will be difficult to alter people's sexual behavior except by genetic surgery or other biochemical means. D. Most people are probably homozygous for the dominant gene. B. It is possible that the gene influences behavior by altering development of internal organs, physical appearance, or other non-brain characteristics. The concept of prototypes suggests that A. people from different cultures use the same ways of categorizing objects. B. all members of a category are at the same level in a mental space. C. every category has a sharp dividing line that separates members of the category from nonmembers. D. it D. it people decide whether an item is a member of a category by comparing to familiar or typical examples. people decide whether an item is a member of a category by comparing to familiar or typical examples. The major benefit to a sequential design is that A. the researcher can first make cross-sectional comparisons at the same age, and then feel more confident in the longitudinal comparisons across groups. B. the research can first make longitudinal comparisons across groups, and then make cross-sectional comparisons within groups C. the research can draw correlational conclusions from an experimental design. D. selective attrition is no longer a potential problem. A. the researcher can first make cross-sectional comparisons at the same age, and then feel more confident in the longitudinal comparisons across groups. The primary drawback to using either the electroencephalograph (EEG) or the magnetoencephalograph (MEG) technique to study brain activity is that these techniques A. record ongoing brain activity, but not the precise location of the activity. B. require invasive surgery to implant the electrodes. C. expose the brain to radioactivity. D. record precisely where the brain is active, but not the amount of ongoing activity. A. record ongoing brain activity, but not the precise location of the activity. The Strange Situation A. is no longer used for ethical reasons. B. is not useful after about 18 months of age. C. is used to determine if children are ready to begin school. D. is currently used only with non-human animals. B. is not useful after about 18 months of age. The thought processes of a child in Piaget's stage of formal operations are like those of A. normal adults. B. normal adults except for impairment on abstract or hypothetical questions. C. normal adults except for impairment on conservation problems. D. normal adults except that they lack the concept of object permanence. A. normal adults. To determine whether some IQ test is biased against some group, the most decisive information would be A. whether that group has as high a mean score on the test as other groups do. B. whether that group's members generally perform better in school and other situations than their test scores predict. C. whether members of that group believe the test is fair. D. whether the authors of the test intended the test to be fair. B. whether that group's members generally perform better in school and other situations than their test scores predict. To say that someone is in the 70th percentile on a test means that she A. scored higher than 70% of the norm group. B. got 70% of the questions correct on the test. C. falls within the "gifted" range of intelligence. D. is 2 standard deviations above the mean. A. scored higher than 70% of the norm group. Two theories have been proposed as to why we find a positive correlation among various intellectual skills. The first is that all of the tests measure the same single underlying ability; the second is that the various abilities grow together, depending on factors like health, nutrition, education, etc. Which of the above theories does the research support? A. the first, but not the second B. the second, but not the first C. both, to some degree D. neither C. both, to some degree Two-day-old infants typically would spend the most time looking at a A. solid red picture. B. solid white picture. C. narrow diagonally striped pattern. D. drawing of a human face. D. drawing of a human face. Watching someone show an expression of disgust activates the same brain areas as if you were feeling disgusted yourself due to the activation of ____. A. mirror neurons B. modeling neurons C. vicarious neurons D. empathic affective neurons A. mirror neurons What evidence (if any) do we have that newborn infants (less than 3 days old) can recognize the sound of their own mother's voice? A. They habituate more rapidly to the sound of their own mother's voice than to any other woman's voice. B. They learn to kick their legs to turn on a tape recording of their own mother's voice, but not for another woman's voice. C. They suck more vigorously at times when sucking turns on a recording of their own mother's voice. D. We have no evidence that newborn infants can recognize the sound of their own mother's voice. C. They suck more vigorously at times when sucking turns on a recording of their own mother's voice. When making a/an ____ decision, participants usually focus on a single attribute that is easy to defend whereas ____ heuristic thinking weighs a combination of factors. A. unconscious; conscious B. unconscious; availability C. conscious; availability D. conscious; unconscious D. conscious; unconscious Which task is more difficult for an experienced reader to perform than it is for someone just learning to read? A. Look at the names of colors written in different colors and say the color of each word, rather than the word itself. B. Look at a series of words and identify the one that is written right to left instead of left to right. C. Look at two complex pictures flashed on the screen and say whether or not they were the same. D. Look at a word flashed on the screen and identify the whole word. A. Look at the names of colors written in different colors and say the color of each word, rather than the word itself. You are given a candle, a box of matches, a few thumbtacks, and a very short piece of string with the instruction to mount the candle on a wall. It never occurs to you that you could empty the matchbox and tack it to the wall as a platform for the candle because of A. functional fixedness. B. the sunk cost effect. C. an algorithmic dysfunction. D. the framing effect. A. functional fixedness. A mother puts a red spot on the nose of her infant and places the infant in front of the mirror. Based on the information given in the text, the mother is probably trying to determine if the child has acquired the concept of A. reflections. B. nose. C. self. D. others. C. self. A psychologist who insists that psychologists should only study behavior, and never make references to mental processes, would best be described as a A. humanistic psychologist. B. methodological behaviorist. C. radical behaviorist. D. cognitive psychologist. C. radical behaviorist. A rat learns to climb a ladder to a platform where it can pull a string to raise the ladder and then climb the ladder again. The reinforcement for each response is the opportunity to perform the next response. This procedure is known as A. chaining. B. stimulus generalization. C. shaping. D. primary reinforcement. A. chaining. According to Piaget, a child who has the concept of conservation understands that A. the weight and mass of an object stay the same when the shape changes. B. one should work out a strategy before starting on a complex task. C. an object continues to exist even when one does not see it. D. a group of people has to take turns talking to one another and then listening. A. the weight and mass of an object stay the same when the shape changes. According to the spreading activation theory, which of the following would someone be most likely to think of after hearing the word "rose"? A. red B. It is impossible to say: it would vary from individual to individual and from time to time. C. resurrection D. flower B. It is impossible to say: it would vary from individual to individual and from time to time. According to the Stroop effect, you would be likely say, "____" if you were asked to name the color of ink of the word yellow written in blue ink. A. red B. blue C. green D. yellow D. yellow At the very beginning of an experiment on classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus evokes A. both the conditioned response and the unconditioned response. B. the conditioned response only. C. the unconditioned response only. D. neither the conditioned response nor the unconditioned response. D. neither the conditioned response nor the unconditioned response. Charles Spearman inferred the existence of a "g" (or general) factor in intelligence from the observation that A. people who score high on a test one day are likely to score high again if they take the same test another time. B. people's scores on intelligence tests correlate highly with measures of the size of their cerebral cortex. C. the mean score on intelligence tests is the same in all countries. D. people generally D. people generally who do well on a do well on tests who do well on a do well on tests test of one kind of intellectual ability of other kinds also. test of one kind of intellectual ability of other kinds also. During Piaget's preoperational period (about ages 1 1/2 to 7), children apparently have trouble understanding the distinction between A. reality and appearance. B. assimilation and accommodation. C. male and female. D. liquids and solids. A. reality and appearance. Julia takes a new psychological test several times and gets the same score every time she takes it. Other people also find that whatever their first score is, they continue to get that same score every time they take the test. We can conclude that this test has A. high validity. B. both high reliability and high validity. C. low utility. D. high reliability. D. high reliability. nlike the structuralists, behaviorists believed that psychology must study ____ in order to be scientific. A. thought processes only B. thought processes and observable behavior C. observable behavior only D. the structure and the processes of thinking C. observable behavior only ow long are people given when taking the current version of the StanfordBinet? A. 1 minute per question B. 60 minutes C. 10 minutes D. an unlimited amount of time D. an unlimited amount of time People are more likely to use an algorithm to solve a problem than to rely on heuristics if A. all they need is an approximate answer to the problem. B. the problem has to do with some aspect of human behavior. C. all the mathematical calculations required in the problem are highly complicated. D. there are only a few possible hypotheses to test. D. there are only a few possible hypotheses to test. Researchers have determined that, if a question is phrased in the right way, even 3-year-olds can A. describe events from the first 6 months of life. B. distinguish between reality and appearance. C. use abstract formal logic. D. respond at Kohlberg's sixth stage of moral reasoning. B. distinguish between reality and appearance. Suppose your task is to find the one squirrel in a photo with other animals. If finding the squirrel depends on a PREATTENTIVE process, then A. you will find the squirrel during one of your saccadic eye movements. B. you will find the squirrel faster if you blur your vision. C. you will find it just as fast among many other animals as you would among a few. D. your speed of finding it depends on how many other animals are present. C. you will find it just as fast among many other animals as you would among a few. The Stroop effect occurs because A. it is very difficult to see the colors of ink. B. people are so used to reading words that they cannot suppress the habit. C. people do not take the frequency of things in the population into account. D. people's thoughts are related to their categories. B. people are so used to reading words that they cannot suppress the habit. What is the procedure for producing extinction in operant conditioning? A. Give no reinforcement after the response. B. Present the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus. C. Punish undesirable responses. D. Present the unconditioned stimulus without the conditioned stimulus. A. Give no reinforcement after the response. When infants view an impossible event (for example, a toy car going down a ramp and going through a place where it should have been blocked), they A. immediately begin to cry. B. stare longer at the scene. C. avert their gaze from the scene. D. give no indication that the event is impossible B. stare longer at the scene. Which of the following contributes to the temperament of an individual? A. genetics, but not environment B. environment, but not genetics C. both genetics and environment D. neither genetics nor environmen C. both genetics and environment Which of the following exerts effects on both men and women, but is more likely to exert its effects in men than in women? A. an X-linked dominant gene B. an X-linked recessive gene C. a Y-linked dominant gene D. a Y-linked recessive gene B. an X-linked recessive gene You are listening to someone speak, and one of the words they say at the beginning of a sentence is muffled. The sounds you hear form a word that sounds halfway between "dent" and "tent." How will you interpret what you heard? A. You will decide on dent or tent based solely on the sounds you heard in that word (i.e., you will not be influenced by other words in the sentence). B. You will base your interpretation on the words and syllables that immediately follow the muffled word, rather than those that occur later in the sentence. C. You will assume it is a new word that you have never heard before (that sounds like dent and tent) regardless of the other words in the sentence. D. You will base your interpretation in the sentence, even if those clues muffled word. B. You will base your interpretation immediately follow the muffled word, in the sentence. on the first relevant clues you find occur several words after the on the words and syllables that rather than those that occur later A typical right-handed person whose corpus callosum has been split can name objects only after seeing them with the A. right eye. B. right half of either retina. C. left half of either retina. D. left eye. C. left half of either retina. Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences differs most strongly from Spearman's concept of a "g" factor with regard to the answer given to the following question: A. Do people of various cultures use the same cognitive processes, or do they each use a different type of cognitive process? B. Which is more important in everyday life, fluid intelligence or crystallized intelligence? C. Are all types of intelligence positively correlated with one another? D. Do differences in intelligence depend mostly on differences in heredity or on differences in environment? C. Are all types of intelligence positively correlated with one another? Maintaining a sense of dignity in old age is A. more important to men than it is to women. B. more important to people in Eastern cultures. C. dependent on how older people are viewed in a particular culture. D. no longer rated as important as it was in previous generations. C. dependent on how older people are viewed in a particular culture. People often fail to notice something that occurs slowly, or while they are blinking their eyes or while moving their eyes. This phenomenon is called A. the attentional blink. B. the Stroop effect. C. change blindness. D. the representativeness heuristic. C. change blindness. Researchers ask a chess expert and an average player to examine chess pieces on a board and memorize the position quickly. Under what circumstances, if any, does the chess expert perform significantly better than the average player? A. Only if the pieces are arranged in a way that occurs in well-played games. B. Only if the pieces are arranged in an unusual or haphazard way. C. Under all circumstances. D. Under no circumstances. A. Only if the pieces are arranged in a way that occurs in well-played games. Since the invention of IQ tests, psychologists have periodically rewritten the tests and intentionally made the test more difficult. Why? A. because low IQ scores have greater reliability than high scores do B. to keep the mean score from rising above 100 C. because the tests are now being used for different purposes than they were in the past D. to prevent cheating B. to keep the mean score from rising above 100 Someone who overlooks base-rate information is likely to make which kind of error? A. identifying some common event as if it were some other, rare event B. being excessively cautious about making any decision at all C. accepting the first hypothesis considered and rejecting all others D. accepting too large a risk of losing a large amount A. identifying some common event as if it were some other, rare event The general part of the SAT is highly correlated with the SAT achievement tests. For that reason, A. it does not make sense to require both since they likely test very different skills. B. it makes sense for colleges to require both tests for admission since one is more likely to predict school success significantly more than the other. C. it makes sense for colleges to require both tests for admission given all of the extra information that is provided by the second test. D. it does not make sense to require both since they could predict grades just as well from one score as from both. D. it does not make sense to require both since they could predict grades just as well from one score as from both. Which of the following is NOT an important factor in human language capabilities? A. a specialized area known as Broca's area B. enormous expansion of the prefrontal cortex C. decreased connections among cortical areas D. a specialized area known as Wernicke's area C. decreased connections among cortical areas Why is it impossible for a test to have low reliability and high validity? A. Reliability varies from 1 to 100, while validity varies from 0 to 1. B. Although reliability and validity are defined differently, the validity is directly proportional to the reliability. C. Scores that fluctuate randomly cannot predict any other performance. D. Reliability and validity mean the same thing. C. Scores that fluctuate randomly cannot predict any other performance.

Find millions of documents here - Study Guides, Homework Solutions, Papers, Exam Answer Keys and more. Course Hero has millions of course related materials that will enable you to learn better, faster and get an A in all your courses.
Below is a small sample set of documents: