War Civil to Present Final Review
1960s Freedom Movements: - Sit-Ins at restaurants by blacks to be served in Nashville. - On May 10th sit-ins prove successful, black customers were served at 6 downtown stores. - Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee formed (SNNC) which encouraged direct, radical, and nonviolent actions (had black and white members). - Freedom Rides. - University of Mississippi (Ole Miss) was integrated. - In Birmingham, children march and are arrested. -Bomingham bombings to discourage Civil Rights Acts. - Bomb damaged home of Arthur Shores, NAACP attorney. - Bombing near Gaston Hotel where MLK Jr. was staying. - Movement Headquarters,16th Street Baptist Church was bombed and killed 4 children. - Bombings prompt JFK to take a stand, so he announces intentions for new Civil Rights Act (June 1963). Freedom Rides: - Riders (black and white) rode interstate buses to the segregated South to test the Supreme Court decision in Boynton vs. Virginia (ruled segregation in public transportation was illegal). - From Washington to New Orleans. - Everything went fine until they reached Alabama. ANNISTON - Mobs slash tires but the buses get away. - While changing tires the buses are bombed and mobs held doors closed with the intend of burning the riders. As they managed to get off the bus riders were beaten & only got away b/c of highway patrolmen firing warning shots. BIRMINGAM - Riders attacked by KKK with baseball bats, iron pipes, and bicycle chains. - One KKK beater was FBI agent Gary Thomas Rowe. - White riders singled out, James Peck required 52 stitches. - Original Riders injured and Greyhound didnt want any more buses being used. - SNCC leader Diana Nash pushed for bus replacements. - Kennedy forces Greyhound to provide more buses. - Some riders were arrested none were injured. March on Washington(August 28th, 1963): - For freedom and jobs. - Led by A. Philip Randolph and Bayard Rustin. - 250k people gather and march from the WA Monument to the WA Memorial. - MLK delivers I have a dream speech.
Civil Rights Act of 1964: - JFK had intentions of passing this new Act, after he was murdered LBJ honored JFK by passing this Act. - Outlawed racial segregation in schools and public places.
- Howard W. Smith added women to the bill in hopes of not passing the bill. - Bill passed and also included no gender discrimination.
JFK & Civil Rights:
Cuban Missile Crisis: - When Cold War came closest to a Nuclear War. - In October Kennedy announces blockade to Cuba. - American U-2 spy plane revealed missile bases being built in Cuba (help for Soviet Union). - Ends when JFK and United Nations reach agreement with the Soviets to dismantle missiles only if the U.S. promised to not invade Cuba again. - and secret removal of Jupiter and Thor missiles in Turkey. Bay of Pigs Disaster (April 17th, 1961): - Overthrow Cuban Government. - Exiles are covered by Air Force and CIA - US men are sent to Cuba. - Kennedy canceled air support during the invasion and Cubas military terminated the invasion. - Castro calls a military of 2k. - 1,209 Cuban Exiles were immediately put on trial for treason. - Some executed and some sentenced 30 years. - After 20 months of negotiation Cuba released exiles in exchange for $53 mill. - Kennedy spins outcome to make himself look good.
1965 Voting Rights Act: - Prohibited states from imposing any voting qualification or prerequisite to
voting, or standard, practice, or procedure. - Gave the right to any citizen of the United States to vote regardless of race or color. - Specifically intended by Congress to outlaw the literacy test.
Great Society (Ideas, Goals, Programs, etc.): - Lyndon B. Johnsons War on Poverty. - Medicare and Medicaid. - Department of Housing and Urban Development. - Food Stamp Act of 1964. - Immigration Act of 1965 - Water Quality Act - Job Corps - Elementary and Secondary Education Act - Higher Education Act - Department of Transportation - Community Action Programs Identify Port __________ (Statement & Purposes):
Identify Gulf of Tonkin: - Gulf of Tonkin Incident - USS Maddox attacked by 3 North Vietnamese P-4 patrol torpedo boats. - Maddox then joined the destroyer USS Turner Joy which reported attacks by Vietnamese vessels. - Gulf of Tonkin Resolution - Gave LBJ authorization, without a formal declaration of war by
Congress, for the use of military force in Southeast Asia. The Johnson administration subsequently cited the resolution as legal authority for its rapid escalation of U.S. military involvement to Vietnam.
Feminism in the 50s and 60s and Leaders of the Movement: - Second wave feminism sparked by Birth Control (1960s) - Simone de Beauvoirs Second Sex. - Betty Friedans The Feminine Mystique. - Women protested Miss America Pageant. - Gloria Steinem founded Ms. Magazine. - Florynce Kennedy - lawyer, activist, civil rights advocate, and feminist. for Known being loud and vulgar such as the Harvard strike when she led a mass urination on the grounds. Founded the Feminist Party. - Shirley Chisholm, president of Feminist Party was the 1st black woman in Congress (1972). - Barbara Jordan, 1st black elected to the House from the South. - Roe vs. Wade (1973) outlawed most statutes that made abortion illegal. Identify Latino Struggles for Civil Rights Organizations and People:
Goals of American Indian Movement: - Protest police brutality. - (1969) Group occupies Alcatraz to draw attention to conditions in reservations. Identify Miranda vs. Arizona: - Ernesto Arturo Miranda arrested for kidnapping and rape and later confessed to robbery and attempted rape. Prosecutors offered his confession as evidence. - Alvin Moore, Mirandas lawyer, appealed to the AZ Supreme Court who affirmed the trial courts decision. - U.S. Supreme Court ruled that no confession could be valid under the 5th
Amendment self-incrimination clause & 6th Amendment right to an attorney unless a suspect had been made aware of his rights and the suspect had then waived them. - Miranda's conviction was overturned, he was then retried without the confession but witnesses and evidence were used to convict him for 11 years. - Miranda rights are now read!
Aspects of Conservative Backlash Beginning w/ Nixon: - Under Nixon desegregation in schools slowed down.
- Busing controversy. - Welfare Queen, depicted as a stereotype for a black single mother receiving social security and driving a Cadillac. - Kent State (May 4th, 1970) - 2k students hold an anti-war protest for the American invasion of Cambodia announced by Nixon on April 30th. - Ohio National Guard kills 4 protesters and passerbys. - Nixon protected the guards that killed angering students. - 4 million students walked out of class to protest. 900 U.S. colleges and universities closed during the student strikes. Identify Title A:
What happened with the Equal Rights Amendment?
Policy of Dtente: - lessening of Cold War tensions. - Nixon visits China and USSR. - SALT I & II made to limit weapons.
Details of Watergate Break-In and Outcome: - June 17th, 1972- Break-in into Democratic National Committee Headquarters. - One of the burglars was a member of CREEP
- One of many secret operations -Plumbers top stop leaks from the White House. - Attacks on Democrats. - Nixon encouraged aides to lie to the FBI - Senate appointed a special committee to investigate the break-in. - John Dean testified before the Senate and went on to become the key witness against the President. - Nixon further damaged by taped Oval Office conversations - and VP Spiro T. Agnew scandal in which Agnew resigns his office in the wake of the Watergate Scandal and pleading no contest to a charge of tax evasion and money laundering. - August 9th, 1974 Nixon resigns and is succeeded by Gerald Ford who pardons Nixon. Jimmy Carters Foreign Policy: - Humanitarian philosophy - De-emphasis of Cold War thinking - Emphasis on Third World poverty, nuclear proliferation, human rights - Manifestations of humanitarian philosophy - CampDavidaccord - Panama Canal treaty - Limits on support for Central American dictators (Nicaragua, El Salvador) - SALT II agreement - Limits of humanitarian philosophy - Continuation of international arms sales - Continued support for repressive allies. Reasons for Appeal of Ronald Reagan: - Projected an image of vigor and strength - Promised to return nation to glory through defense spending, an end to dtente, and reliance on free markets Operation Desert Storm: (Gulf War) - Background: invasion of Kuwait by Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein - Buildup to war - Dispatch of U.S. troops to Gulf region - Debate over prospective war with Iraq - Forging by Bush of multinational coalition - Securing of United Nations authorization - The war: Operation Desert Storm - Prompt U.S. victory; ouster of Iraq from Kuwait - Minimum of American casualties, High death toll for Iraqis - Aftermath - UN sanctions on Iraq - Survival of Hussein regime - Resentment in region over U.S. presence - Surge in Bush's popularity
Identify Ross and NAFTA:
Circumstances that sparked ENRON scandal:
Immigration in the 1990s (nature of it):
Conflicts that arose and continue:
Identify Marriage Act (1996): - Law has two effects:
1. No state (or other political subdivision within the United States) need treat a relationship between persons of the same sex as a marriage, even if the relationship is considered a marriage in another state. 2. The Federal Government may not treat same-sex relationships as marriages for any purpose, even if concluded or recognized by one of the states.
Presidential Election of 2000: - Bush vs. Al Gore - Closest election ever, 271 to 266 electoral votes. - Controversy over who won Florida.
U.S. Response to 9/11 attacks (military, political, and legal):