study The of human development- how/why ppl change(birth to conception) and how/why they don't. Multidirectional-some things strengthen while others weaken. Dynamic Systems: continual change that is connected to every other development in each individual and society. Factor affect phys. development: time of day, season, sleeping, appetite, nutrition, family, stress, exercise, culture, food supply, climate. Butterfly Effect: small action can effect everything. Opposite- big thing can make no difference. Multicontextual-Life depends on contexts. Historical, Cultural, Socio-economic. Cohorts: group of ppl with same year/decade of birth(H). Social Construction: idea build on shared perceptions more than reality. SES: education, income, neighborhood, occupation of head of house. Collective Efficacy: group of ppl who work together for a good cause. Cultural Phenomenon: Multicultural-different backgrounds and cultures. Race- physical Ethnicity- culture. Culture- specific attributes of a group of ppl. Variations in SES tend to follow ethnic variations. (1) Too Rich to Marry-Women w higher income more likely marry US and Sweden(highest). Decrease in Japan (2) The Children's House- kibbutz- children sleep all together w/ peers in separate house than adults Multidisciplinary- different jobs/duties in life. 3 domains- biosocial, cognitive, psychosocial. Plasticity- people are molded into dif. Shapes and forms yet we have an amount of durability. (Paul Baltes (founder of the lifespan approach) would have us consider the person within the context and that a person is guided in divergent directions by many contextual influences.We need to keep in mind that the future is not something we simply enter, the future is also something we help create.) Scientific method- 1) Formulate a research question 2)Develop Hypothesis 3) Test hypothesis 4)draw Conclusions 5)Make the findings available Research Methods- observation, experiment, survey, case study Studying Changes over Time- cross sectional- dif age, short time Longitudinal- long time same ppl. Cross-sequential- dif age, long time Ecological-systems approach-research between environment and person- Brenfenbrenner Rights- no one is harmed, participation is voluntary and confidential. Theories- frame questions and begin to answer them. Developmental, Grand, Minitheories, Emergent(. Grand theories- large and influential (Psychoanalytic Theory-motives and drives. Freud (Psychosexual) 1. oral-gratification, attachment 2. anal- control, self-control. Erikson(Psychosocial) 1.trust vs. mistrust 2. Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt 3.Initiative vs. Guilt. Behaviorism-learning theory. Laws of behavior- operant-(Pavlov)learned through reinforcement or punishment. Classical-(Watson, Skinner) make associations with stimulus. Social Learning- learning as a chain of responses, everyone likes touch, warmth, reassurance. Harlow and Zimmerman-monkey experiment- comfort of company over food. Cognitive Theory structure and development of thought processes; shape perceptions, attitudes, and actions. Piaget- 1) sensorimotor a)goal directed behav b) object permanence 2) pre-operational 3)concrete operational 4)formal operational. Cognitive equilibrium-mental balance. Assimilation-connecting new info w/old. Accomodation-change ideas to suit situation Emergent theories-multidisciplinary Sociocultural Theory-ppl develop based on cultural/social surroundings ZPD(Zone of Proximal development)-range of skills someone can perform w/help but not alone. Epigenetic Theory newest developmental theory, genes+environment Benefits- Taught us about- psychoanalytic- early childhood, behaviorism- effect immediate environment has on learning, cognitive-how thinking effects actions, sociocultural-development is embedded in culture, epigenetic-inherited+immediate contexts. Behavior Genetics-study of genetic origins of psychological characteristics. Diseases from genes and environment:depression, ADHD, Alzheimer's, Schizophrenia, Alcoholism. Chromosomal Abnormalities-when a zygote's cell have fewer or more than 46. Effected most by maternal age. 23rd pair presents biggest problem. Down Syndrome-(trisonomy-21)3rd chromosome at 21st pairmental slowness, facial abnormalities, age faster(die young-35), sweet-tempered. SyndromeAbnormalities of the 23rd Pair(sex gamete)- Klienfelter's Syndrome- XXY normal childhood abnormal puberty Huntington's-central nervous system disease(dominant)inadequate social skills, shyness, mental retardation-more severe in males. Genetic Counseling- for 1)ppl with family members w/ disorders 2) history of spontaneous abortion 3)couples who are close relatives, from same ethnic group 4) women 35+ men 40+. Tests- Alpha-fetoprotein assay, Ultrasound, Amniocentesis, Chorionic villi sampling, Pre-implantation testing, gamete selection. neural tube-central nervous system teretogens-agents/conditions that cause defects. Influencing factors-timing dosage, genetic vulnerability. Embryonic stage-critical period. Thalidomide- can stop ear and limb formation. Toxoplasmosis- brain damage, mental retardation, loss of vision;caused by handling cat poop, garden eating dirt, raw meat. Ruebella-causes blindness and death HIV- transmitted to babies, die at age 5 Smoking= malformations of babies' limbs, urinary tract, lungs, low birth rate x-rays= small head, mental retardation Lots of coffee= cocaine-premature, slow fetal growth, learning problems Heroin-premature, addiction(withdrawal) malnourished- premature labor overweight(30+ lbs)Pre-term- <35 weeks
Low Birth weight- small for their gestational age(<5 lbs)-factors: smoking 2-3.5 lbs-very low birthrate Apgar-at birth and 5 mins later- rate 0-2 color, heartbeat, reflex irritability, muscle tone, respiratory effort Brazelton-neonatal behavioral scale- measures newborns reflexes and responses natural childbirth method4th trimester-emotional baggage-postpartum Age of viability- 22 months, advancing in fetal brain functioning determines # Pregnancy-1)Germinal period- first 2 weeks 2)Embryonic- 3-9 week 3)fetal period- 9 week-birth Birth- 1)cervical dilation-transition 2)crowns-delivered 3)placenta is expelled complications of birth-1)cerebral palsy 2) anoxia (lack of oxygen-cause death or brain damage) 3)group b streptococcus first 12 months-3x birth weight, 4 months 2x head-sparing-if inadequate nutrition- body stops growing, brain does not Sleep- newborns:17 hrs- patterns influenced by brain-maturation & child-bearing processes Newborn brain=25% adult brain 2 yr old brain= 75% adult brain Brain Structures- 1)Cortex- planning, vision, hearing 2)neurons- nerve cells 3)Synapses-communication w/in the brain (links axon and neuron) Neurotransmitters-communicate from neuron to neuron mil. neurons at birth wither after 2 yrs transient exuberance-increase in # dendrites experience-dependent-must happen experience-expectant-might happen Senses- hearing-present at birth(sounds trigger reflexes) Vision-weakest at birth Reflexes for survival- breathing, temp. control, manage feeding(sucking, swallowing) SIDS- caused by sleeping position? Ethnicity plays no role, culture may Breast Milk- sterile, prevents diseases, more vitamin's more digestible. Formula better if mother is very ill(HIV) or on drugs Malnutrition- brains don't develop, no body fat to protect from illness, can cause disease (marasmus-growth stops, deteriorates)(kwashiorkor- bloated stomach, face, legs)-present war ridden countries
Sensorimotor Intelligence What is it? What is the major task of the sensorimotor stage? What is adaptation? Distinguish between assimilation and accommodation. Distinguish between habituation and dishabituation. Which years of life are prime time for cognitive development? How did Piaget view infant cognition? Who did Piaget study to develop his theory of cognitive development? What are the two benchmarks of the sensorimotor stage? How did Piaget test for object permanence? Information Processing What is information-processing theory and how does it differ from Piaget's notions of cognitive development?
What are affordances? What does affordance have to do with visual cliff measures? True or False: The realization that it is possible to fall off the edge in a visual cliff experiment does not come until after an infant has started crawling.
Movement and People What 2 principles explain dynamic perception for the infant? Memory Discuss why it is virtually impossible to remember our own births. How does memory change as the infant ages? What is deferred imitation? When are children capable of remembering and reenacting complex sequences?
Chapter Seven The First Two Years: Psychosocial Development Theories About Early Psychosocial Development Psychoanalytic Theory True or False: Psychoanalytic theory connects biosocial and psychosocial development. Know Freud's first 2 stages. Know Erikson's first 2 stages.
Behaviorism, Cognitive Theory, and Epigenetic Theory What have behaviorism, cognitive theory and epigenetic theory added to our understanding of the parents role in infant personality? What's the emphasis of sociocultural theory on infant-caregiver relationships? Give examples of social learning and social referencing. What is a working model? What is temperament and how is it assessed? What have we learned from the research about it's characteristic's?
Temperament and Caregiving Describe inhibited vs. uninhibited caregiving. What is the goodness of fit?
Emotional Development in Infancy How does emotional development change in the first 2 years? What emotions are typically seen in the first year? The second year? Discuss separation anxiety. What is self-awareness and when does it become linked with self-concept? What are some of the foundations of emotional growth?
The Development of Social Bonds Describe how social connections help us understand human emotions. Synchrony Synchrony -- what is it? How do we help foster it? Does play have a role? Attachment Major theorists? Discuss secure and insecure attachments. Understand the strange situation and how attachment is measured. Are insecure attachments repairable?
Social Referencing Give examples of social referencing. Do infants reference moms and dads differently? What cultural differences exist for moms and dads?