P. A. US Mods 6/7/8
Notes for pgs. 97104 -
Artem Kholodenko 0109
Quaker Pennsylvania
The Society of Friends
George Fox Quakers and their Beliefs
In 1681 Charles II gave the remaining territory to a supporter's son, William Penn (1644 1718), a Quaker who, following preacher George Fox's ideas wanted to expand religious freedom, but wanted "recompense" for his troubles Quakers were not very well respected but appealed to the poor because they challenged conventional ways of social order; the originator was George Fox, who was arrested for blasphemy and was referred to as a "Quaker", and the name stuck, while the people called themselves the Society of Friends He said that everyone had a way to connect to god and no one needed a preacher or someone like that to communicate with the heavens These beliefs began hostile movements in England for Quakers not to tip their hats to the elite, and address all people as thou or thee not you; they seemed to place themselves above the law; they also refused to bear arms and that seemed cowardly to many; women were recognized as equals, and also saw the "Inner Light"; this included Mary Dryer who was exiled to Rhoda Island and helped organize a group of Quakers there, but was hanged in Massachusetts in 1660 Not all Quakers were poor, some were well educated and merchants, such as the 60,000 merchants in the British Isles in 1680s; as well as the educated William Penn; this meant that a lot of the Quakers were gaining money and property In England, Quakers were prosecuted, and if not attending the Anglican church were jailed, property destroyed or taken away; between 1660 & 1685 15,000 Quakers were jailed, including William Penn, in 1669; yet still, the Quakers continued to produce industrial items while in jail, such as weaving and spinning This was the most successful transport of people from Europe, and in 1681 the 1st group was sent with Penn, to a land were Delaware, Dutch, and Swedes already lived; 1/3 of them died, but when they finally arrived in 1682, Penn chose a site for the capital, Philadelphia The City of Brotherly Love; by 1687, 8,000 Quakers arrived, and because they came as whole families and not single, the population rapidly rose; Pennsylvania was the only other Restoration colony besides New Jersey to which mainly immigrants from Europe came Penn came up with a Frame of Government, the constitution,
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Success of Quakers -
Prosecution of Quakers -
Quaker Migration Begins
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Settling of Pennsylvania
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The Economic State of the Colony
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Loss of Quaker Control -
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which gave all power to the people (Quakers), and 2 branches were created: Executive and Legislative who were controlled by the Quakers; the people were the sheriffs, governor, judges and Penn wanted equality, thus oversaw all sales of land to be fair, and divided the city into blocks, with space for parks The colony never starved, and there was no major war for 70 years; Indians were few, and Penn invited them to live together as neighbors and friends The colony was ideal with the well finance, open marketed, and peaceful environment, the rich lands were producing great crops which made Philadelphia a major port by trading with West Indies In 1684 Penn went back to England to resolve the problem with Maryland and territory barriers, and while his absence until 1699, the people quarreled and got into problems, with people forced to pay rent; when Penn returned, he tried to get order, but the colony was locked between 2 government groups; before Penn went back to England, he made it a one part government, and left in 1701 In the 1690s George Keith tried to adopt a formal creed, which was more like the orthodox Anglican church with the clergy in control, but he was rejected in 1692, going to the Anglican church and taking some Quakers with him The Quaker population declined even more after 1710 when massive migrations stopped, and it was the end of Quaker rule when Penn's sons became Anglican in 1748, giving control of the colony to the Anglican church Penn met opposition down the Delaware River, where most of the land was taken by Dutch or Swedes who established the colony of Delaware Penn sunk his money into Pennsylvania and died in debt court, but before in 1685, he told the legislature about the financial problems of the colony Although many of the Restoration colony organizations did not go according to plans, they were all solid and successful, with the diverse culture from Dutch Rep. And Germany and Sweden, but the British America was on a road to war with France and Spain due to need for land The king tried to gain full control of the old colonies as well, but the revolution in England forced him into exile, and sparked unrest in the colonies as well, which later led to a long war with France, and James's successors were Mary (his daughter) and William (her husband) The Stuarts didn't like the Parliament, and wanted total control,
Rebellion and War
Stuart Policies
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Resistance to Stuart Policies -
Dominion of New England -
Sir Edmund Andros -
Captain Francis Nicholson -
which was supported by Louis XIV of France, while both didn't care about the American colonial assemblies The royalty wanted to gain direct control of the colonies, and the Duke of York forbade the legislature to meet from 16641682, and let it be done from 1682 to 1686, and never again; the king appointed former army officials to roles of governors, from 1660 to 1685, he made about 90% of all gubernatorial positions like that, and by 1680, 60% of all American colonists were ruled by these people The New Englanders opposed this and as early as 1661 the Massachusetts assembly said they will not obey these laws, as well as the Navigation restrictions, openly trading with the Dutch Charles II gave special punishment to Massachusetts for that, and carved the territory giving life to a new colony New Hampshire; later he revoked the charter and made it into a royal colony, killing the "city upon a hill"; a minister openly urged Puritans to resist to the point of martyrdom After James II, in 1686 a new king united Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Plymouth into one colony: Dominion of New England, to which New York and New Jersey were added in 1688; control was given to another army officer: Sir Edmund Andros, who governed at Boston Andros was hated for his enforcement of Navigation Laws, limiting legislature meetings, forcing Puritans to share a meeting house with Anglicans, and taking almost all human rights; he had no supporters for except his soldiers and newly arrived immigrants Tensions grew in New York as well because there were still Catholic officials such as Cap. Francis Nicholson in control, and people feared he was proCatholic and would betray the colony to the French Catholics were taking over with Duke of York becoming one in 1676, and Charles II on his deathbed; when 7 Anglican priests denounced the Catholic control, James II tried them as state enemies, and Louis XIV began prosecuting Protestants in France in 1685 English tolerated James II's Catholicism because his daughter was Anglican, but when he had a son which might be raised as a Catholic, some politicians asked Mary and William of Orange (Dutch republic leader) to intervene, they led a small army in Nov. 1688, and most royal troops joined them, forcing James II to go to France This Glorious Revolution promised "limited monarchy" as in the
The Glorious Revolution in England and America
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Downfall of Andros
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The Leiser Rebellion and the Fate of Captain Jacob Leiser
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Lord Baltimore's Message
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"Bill of Rights" of 1689 and the Parliament was promised to be summoned annually; Anglo Americans came to share the English Protestants' pride of the revolution, and soon Massachusetts, New York, and Maryland rose up against the Stuart rulers of their land On April 18, the Boston militia arrested Andros who was dressed in women's' clothes and was caught by army boots William and Mary made Connecticut and Rhode Island back into a selfgoverning state, while Massachusetts remained royal obtaining the land of Plymouth Massachusetts was not fully happy, because the crown still had the power of appoint governors and Anglicans lived in the land Leisler Rebellion was in New York and in it, Dutch and other non English, and the militia took over the fort when thinking that Nicholson was royal to James II; Cap. Jacob Leiser led this operation on May 31, 1689, but when English troops tried to enter the forts, Leiser didn't let them in because he thought they were royal to James II, and this ended up in him being arrested Leiser and his brotherinlaw Jacob Milborne were sent to the gallows after being found guilty of treason, being pointed out by enemies who gained political power The control of the council was gained by Leiser's opponents who quickly took care of their enemies until 1695 when the Parliament reburied the 2 treasonguilty men with honor, but not until 1720 did the ghost of Jacob Leiser cease haunting New York, after the old opponent leaders died out By 1689 Maryland was having problems due to the high Catholic population; Lord Baltimore sent a message in early 1689 to Mary and William pledging allegiance, but the messenger died and the message never got there; the Protestants began to fear even more than ever John Coode, a leader of the 181 revolt and 3 others organized the Protestant Association to secure Maryland for the crown; they seized the capital and kicked out the Catholic rulers, asking the crown to take control; they probably didn't do it for religion, but for control cause 3 of 4 had Catholic wives; the colony became royal in 1691, and in 1692 Anglican church became the main religion forcing Catholics to worship in private and not be able to vote Maryland stayed royal until 1715, when the 4th Lord Baltimore took control back and join the Church of England, but Coode's kids became Catholic; the colony was a proprietary colony until 1776 The crowning of Mary and William, the New England became
Lost John Coode and the Protestant Association -
Maryland Becomes Royal
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A Generation of War
King William's War France Benefits from War -
March on Canada (New France) -
Bloody End to Much of the Mohawks -
secure for local governing, establishments of relations with England voluntarily, and assembly rule The revolution of 1688 ushered in 75 years of war, due to England joining the European coalition against Louis XIV, and War of the League of Augsburg broke out, with which European battles extended over to North American land The war improved the situation between New France and the Iroquois; in 1663 the company that founded the colony gave control to France and 1,500 soldiers were sent over to help fur traders; when in 1666 French soldiers matched in New York (present day) the Indians gained fear and agreed to peace which lasted until 1680, expanding New France's fur exports New Yorkers and Yankees marched to Canada (New France) and aimed to Montreal and Quebec in 1690, but the lack of supplies, smallpox and other reasons, Massachusetts abandoned the long siege of Quebec, but inconclusive border raids against civilians on both sides continued The 5 nations of Iroquois went through the bloodiest time, with fur wars against Ohio Valley Indians, they stood alone, with their allies being unsuccessful at stopping war parties, the French enlisted almost all other Indian tribes from Maine to Great Lakes, and in 1691 every Mohawk and Oneida war chief died in battle; by 1696 French armies destroyed the villages of every Iroquois nation but Cayuga and Oneidas The Iroquois continued to died part the end of the AngloFrench war which ended in 1697; of the 5 Nations 2,000 warriors had been killed or imprisoned or went to Canada; the population declined by 20% over 12 years from 8,600 to 7,000, while 900 English and Dutch, and no more than 400 French die as well In 1701 under French pressure the Iroquois agreed not to take sides in further wars, to let Canada settle their disputes with other Indians, which later brought a lot of good by allowing the Iroquois to keep peace with British and French and regain their land and population losses In 1702 a was erupted again, with England fighting Spain and France; the AngloAmericans learned that they were pretty weak without the British help when several towns in Massachusetts and Maine were destroyed and Charles Town nearly invaded in 1706; colonial vessels were captured and sieges of Quebec and St. Augustine ended in expensive failures English forces had better luck, taking Newfoundland and Acadia (Nova Scotia), which they kept in the peace of 1713, but French and Indian hold on the continent's interior was unbroken
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Death Toll Continues
The colonists realized that they were dependent on Britain for protection with the country's great naval and military strength; even 2nd generations saw their dependence and reinforced their sense of British identity
Iroquois Agree to be Neutral
Queen Anne's War Colonists See Self Weakness
England Shows Strength
Britain is Needed by the Colonists for Protection