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Course: CSI ITI1520, Spring 2010
School: University of Ottawa
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1521. Motd ITI Introduction ` linformatique II a Marcel Turcotte Ecole dingnierie et de technologie de linformation e Version du 18 mars 2010 Rsum e e Listes cha ees (partie 2) n Pointeur arri`re e Listes doublement cha ees n Noeud factice (dummy node) David Cummings, a programmer who worked on the Mars Pathnder project, has written an interesting editorial in the L.A. Times encouraging Toyota to drop...

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1521. Motd ITI Introduction ` linformatique II a Marcel Turcotte Ecole dingnierie et de technologie de linformation e Version du 18 mars 2010 Rsum e e Listes cha ees (partie 2) n Pointeur arri`re e Listes doublement cha ees n Noeud factice (dummy node) David Cummings, a programmer who worked on the Mars Pathnder project, has written an interesting editorial in the L.A. Times encouraging Toyota to drop claims of software infallibility in their recent acceleration problems. He argues that embedded systems developers must program more defensively, and that companies should stop relying on software for safety. Quoting : If Toyota has indeed tested its software as thoroughly as it says without nding any bugs, my response is simple : Keep trying. Find new ways to instrument the software, and come up with more creative tests. The odds are that there are still bugs in the code, which may or may not be related to unintended acceleration. Until these bugs are identied, how can you be certain they are not related to sudden acceleration ? L.A. Times, 2010-03-11 . Ces notes de cours ont t conues an dtre visualiser sur un cran dordinateur. ee c e e Temps dexcution e Comparons lecacit des implmentations ` base de tableaux (ArrayList) et ` e e a a base de listes cha ees (LinkedList) (toutes deux peuvent contenir un nombre n illimit dobjets, donc ArrayList utilise un tableau dynamique). e Nous dirons que le temps dexcution est variable (lent) si le nombre doprations e e varie selon le nombre dlments prsentement sauvegards dans la structure de ee e e donnes, et constant (rapide) sinon. e Temps dexcution e Pouvez-vous dj` prdire laquelle des deux implmentations sera la plus rapide ? ea e e void addFirst( E o ) void addLast( E o ) void add( E o, int pos ) E get( int pos ) void removeFirst() void removeLast() ArrayList variable variable variable constant variable constant LinkedList constant variable variable variable constant variable Pour certaines oprations, lorsque lune des implmentations est rapide, lautre e e est lente ; En regardant le tableau ci-haut, quand devrait-on utiliser une implmentation e ` base de tableaux ? Pour les acc`s directs (alatoires) en lecture ; a e e Quand devrait-on utiliser une liste cha ee ? Si tous les acc`s se font au dbut n e e de la liste ; Quelle implmentation consomme plus de mmoire ? e e Acclrer addLast pour une liste simplement cha ee ee n Il y a une technique dimplmentation simple permettant dacclrer lajout ` e ee a larri`re dune liste cha ee. e n Quest-ce qui rend limplmentation actuelle coteuse ? e u Oui, il faut parcourir la liste dun bout ` lautre an dajouter llment ` la toute a ee a n. On pourrait bien sr ajouter les lments dans lordre inverse, mais a ne ferait u ee c que dplacer le probl`me, la mthode addFirst() serait lente. e e e Pour la mthode size(), nous avons vu que lutilisation dune variable dinstance e supplmentaire, count, pouvait nous viter de parcourir la liste inutilement. e e Que nous faudrait-il dans ce cas-ci pour viter un parcours ? e Oui une nouvelle variable dinstance pointant sur le dernier lment de la liste. ee Reprsentation de la liste vide : e head tail Cas gnral : ee 10:10:00 11:00:00 12:12:00 9:59:45 head value next value next value next value next tail index.pdf March 18, 2010 1 public class LinkedList<E> implements List<E> { private static class Node<T> { private E value; private Node<T> next; private Node( T value, Node<T> next ) { this.value = value; this.next = next; } public void addLast( E o ) { Node<E> newNode = new Node<E>( t, null ); if ( head == null ) { head = newNode; tail = head; } else { tail.next = newNode; tail = tail.next; } } } private Node<E> head; private Node<E> tail; } // ... On a ajout une variable dinstance, tail. e public E removeFirst() { Node<E> nodeToDelete = head; E result = nodeToDelete.value; head = head.next; noteToDelete.value = null; // scrubbing noteToDelete.next = null; if ( head == null ) { tail = null; } } return result; Temps dexcution (rvision 1) e e void addFirst( E o ) void addLast( E o ) void add( E o, int pos ) E get( int pos ) void removeFirst() void removeLast() ArrayList variable variable variable constant variable constant LinkedList constant constant variable variable constant variable Discussion : cette modication a-t-elle un impact (favorable) sur la vitesse dexcution de la mthode removeLast() ? e e Non, aucun impact signicatif. Toutes les mthodes sont modies en consquence. e e e Acclrer removeLast() ee Le pointeur tail ne nous aide en rien pour lopration removeLast, il nous faut e encore parcourir toute la liste. 10:10:00 11:00:00 12:12:00 9:59:45 Acclrer removeLast() ee l A h e ad p rev i o u s B C D head value next value next value next value next ta il tail nodeBeforeTheLast Quen pensez-vous ? Quest-ce quil nous faut ? Que pensez-vous dune nouvelle variable dinstance previous ? index.pdf March 18, 2010 2 Acclrer removeLast() ee l A h e ad B C D Nous devons accder ` llment qui prc`de le dernier : e a ee ee 10:10:00 11:00:00 12:12:00 9:59:45 head value next value next value next value next p rev i o u s ta il tail Dplacer la rfrence arri`re est maintenant facile et rapide ! e ee e Sauf que le dplacement de la rfrence previous est dicile et coteux. e ee u Mais aussi ` tous ses prdcesseurs ! a ee 10:10:00 head tail head value prev next Liste vide : tail Singleton : 10:10:00 11:00:00 12:12:00 9:59:45 head value prev next value prev next value prev next value prev next tail public class DoublyLinkedList<E> implements List<E> { private static class Node<T> { private T value; private Node<T> previous; // <--private Node<T> next; private Node( T value, Node<T> previous, Node<T> next ) { this.value = value; this.previous = previous; // <--this.next = next; } } private Node<E> head; private Node<E> tail; public LinkedList() { head = tail = null; } // ... } Cest une liste doublement cha n Cas ee. gnral : ee removeLast() (cas spcial : singleton) e removeLast() (cas gnral) ee index.pdf March 18, 2010 3 public E removeLast() { // pre-condition: ? Node<E> toDelete = tail; E savedValue = toDelete.value; if ( head.next == null ) { head = null; tail = null; } else { tail = tail.previous; tail.next = null; } toDelete.value = null; toDelete.next = null; } return savedValue; Temps dexcution (rvision 2) e e void addFirst( E o ) void addLast( E o ) void add( E o, int pos ) E get( int pos ) void removeFirst() void removeLast() ArrayList variable variable variable constant variable constant LinkedList constant constant variable variable constant constant removeLast() sans parcours de la liste. Simple ? Pas si simple ? Presque toutes les mthodes ont un ou des cas particuliers. e Pr-conditions ? e add( int pos, E o ) if ( o == null ) { throw new IllegalArgumentException( "null" ); } if ( pos < 0 ) { throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException( Integer.toString( pos ) ); } add( int pos, E o ) Cas spcial (spciaux) ? e e l B h e ad ta il C h e ad ta il add( int pos, E o ) Cas spcial : head = new Node<E>( o, null, head ) e l A B C Ajout en position 0. Quest-ce qui manque ? index.pdf March 18, 2010 4 add( int pos, E o ) Cas spcial : head.next.previous = head e l A h e ad ta il B C add( int pos, E o ) Cas spcial : e if ( pos == 0 ) { head = new Node<E>( o, null, head ); head.next.previous = head; } Avons nous pensez ` tous les cas possibles ? a Et si la liste tait vide ? e add( int pos, E o ) Cas spcial : e if ( pos == 0 ) { head = new Node<E>( o, null, head ); if ( tail == null ) { tail = head; } else { head.next.previous = head; } add( int pos, E o ) Cas gnral : ajout en position 2 ee l A h e ad ta il B D } add( int pos, E o ) Cas gnral : traversons la liste jusqu` pos-1 ee a l A h e ad ta il p B D h e ad ta il add( int pos, E o ) Cas gnral : q = p.next ee l A B D p q index.pdf March 18, 2010 5 add( int pos, E o ) Cas gnral : p.next = new Node<E>( o, p, q ) ee l A h e ad ta il p q B B D h e ad ta il add( int pos, E o ) Cas gnral : q.previous = p.next ee l A B B D p q add( int pos, E o ) Cas gnral : ee Node<E> p = head; for ( int i = 0; i < (pos-1); i++ ) { p = p.next; } Node<E> q = p.next; p.next = new Node<E>( o, p, q ); q.previous = p.next; Avez-vous pensez ` tous les cas ? a Et si pos tait trop plus grand ? e Cas gnral : ee add( int pos, E o ) Node<E> p = head; for ( int i = 0; i < (pos-1); i++ ) { if ( p == null ) { throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException( Integer.toString( pos ) ); } else { p = p.next; } } Node<E> q = p.next; p.next = new Node<E>( o, p, q ); q.previous = p.next; Avez-vous pensez ` tous les cas ? a Et si lajout se faisait en derni`re position ? e add( int pos, E o ) Node<E> p = head; for (int i = 0; i < (pos-1); i++) { if ( p == null ) { throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException( Integer.toString( pos ) ); } else { p = p.next; } } Node<E> q = p.next; p.next = new Node<E>( o, p, q ); if ( p == tail ) { tail = p.next; } else { q.previous = p.next; } Noeud factice La technique dimplmentation suivante permet dliminer plusieurs cas spciaux. e e e La technique utilise un noeud factice (dummy node) ne contenant pas dlment. ee De plus, la liste est circulaire. index.pdf March 18, 2010 6 Noeud factice Liste vide : l public class LinkedList<E> implements List<E> { private static class Node<T> { private T value; private Node<T> next; private Node( T value, Node<T> next ) { this.value = value; this.next = next; } } private Node<E> head; public LinkedList() { head = new Node<E>( null, null ); // <--head.next = head; // <--} // ... h e ad Cas gnral : ee l B h e ad D F } // Ajout dans une liste simplement chaine (sans noeud factice) e public void addLast( E o ) { Node<E> newNode = new Node<E>( o, null ); if ( head == null ) head = newNode; else { Node<E> p = head; while ( p.next != null ) { p = p.next; } p.next = newNode; } } Noeud factice (addLast) Le nouvel lment sera ajout apr`s un noeud tel que . . . ee e e l h e ad l B h e ad D F // Noeud factice public void addLast( E o ) { Node<E> p = head; while ( p.next != head ) { p = p.next; } p.next = new Node<E>( t, head ); } Remarques (noeud factice) Quest-ce qui complique limplmentation des mthodes dune liste cha ee sans e e n noeud factice ? Les mthodes ont gnralement un cas spcial pour les modications en premi`re e ee e e position. En gnral, il faut changer la variable next du noeud qui prc`de, sauf si lon ee ee traite le premier noeud, il faut alors changer la variable head. Pour limplmentation ayant un noeud factice, les traitements sont uniformes, on e change toujours la variable next du noeud qui prc`de. ee Les noeuds de la liste peuvent aussi tre doublement cha es. On peut aussi e n ajouter une variable an de compter le nombre dlments. ee index.pdf March 18, 2010 7 l l B h e ad s ize 0 h e ad s ize 1 Collection En Java, les classes utilises pour sauvegarder des lments sont regroupes dans e ee e une hirarchie dont la racine est Collection. e Les collections sont linaires, hirarchiques, arborescentes ou non ordonnes. e e e Les collections linaires sont les listes, piles et les. Tous les lments ont un e ee prdcesseur et un successeur (` lexception du premier et du dernier lment). ee a ee Les arborescences permettent de reprsenter des arbres et des structures e hirarchiques. e l B h e ad s ize 3 D F Les graphes permettent de reprsenter les distances entre les villes, par exemple. e Les collections non ordonnes incluent les ensembles et les tables de hashage. e l A h e ad ta il B C D l h e ad l B h e ad D F head value prev next 10:10:00 11:00:00 12:12:00 9:59:45 head value prev next value prev next value prev next value prev next 10:10:00 11:00:00 12:12:00 9:59:45 head value value prev next prev next prev next prev next prev next value value value index.pdf March 18, 2010 8
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Programmation oriente objet OO eITI 1521. Introduction ` linformatique II aMarcel Turcotte Ecole dingnierie et de technologie de linformation e Version du 13 janvier 2010 Rsum e e Programmation oriente objet e Encapsulation encapsulation analyse OO/co
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ITI 1521. Introduction linformatique IILaboratoire 2 Hiver 2010Premire partieConnaissances requisesObjectifs Manipuler des tableaux et des rfrences Comprendre lutilisation de = et equals 1FindAndReplaceCompltez limplmentation de la mthode de class
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The Petroleum Institute - PHYS - 344
11. (a) The vertical components of the individual fields (due to the two charges) cancel, by symmetry. Using d = 3.00 m and y = 4.00 m, the horizontal components (both pointing to the x direction) add to give a magnitude ofEx ,net = 2|q|d 2(8.99 109 N m
The Petroleum Institute - PHYS - 344
14. The field of each charge has magnitude E= kq e 1.60 1019 C =k = (8.99 109 N m 2 C2 ) = 3.6 106 N C. 2 2 2 r (0.020 m) ( 0.020 m )The directions are indicated in standard format below. We use the magnitude-angle notation (convenient if one is using a
The Petroleum Institute - PHYS - 344
15. (a) The electron ec is a distance r = z = 0.020 m away. Thus, (8.99 109 N m 2 C2 )(1.60 1019 C) = = 3.60 106 N/C . EC = 2 2 4 0 r (0.020 m)e(b) The horizontal components of the individual fields (due to the two es charges) cancel, and the vertical c
The Petroleum Institute - PHYS - 344
16. The net field components along the x and y axes areEnet, x =4 0 Rq12q2 cos , 4 0 R 2Enet, y = q2 sin . 4 0 R 2The magnitude is the square root of the sum of the components-squared. Setting the magnitude equal to E = 2.00 105 N/C, squaring and
The Petroleum Institute - PHYS - 344
17. We make the assumption that bead 2 is in the lower half of the circle, partly because it would be awkward for bead 1 to slide through bead 2 if it were in the path of bead 1 (which is the upper half of the circle) and partly to eliminate a second solu
The Petroleum Institute - PHYS - 344
18. According to the problem statement, Eact is Eq. 22-5 (with z = 5d)Eact = q q 160 q = 2 2 4 0 (4.5d ) 4 0 (5.5d ) 9801 4 0 d 2and Eapprox isEapprox =2qd 2 q = . 3 4 0 (5d ) 125 4 0 d 2The ratio isEapprox Eact = 0.9801 0.98.
The Petroleum Institute - PHYS - 344
19. (a) Consider the figure below. The magnitude of the net electric field at point P is 1 q Enet = 2 E1 sin = 2 2 2 4 0 ( d / 2 ) + r d /2( d / 2)2+ r2=1qd4 0 ( d / 2 )2 + r 2 3/ 2 &gt; For r &gt; d , we write [(d/2)2 + r2]3/2 r3 so the expression abo
The Petroleum Institute - PHYS - 344
20. Referring to Eq. 22-6, we use the binomial expansion (see Appendix E) but keeping higher order terms than are shown in Eq. 22-7:E=q d 3 d2 1 d3 d 3 d2 1 d3 + 4 z2 + 2 z3 + 1 z + 4 z2 2 z3 + 2 1 + z 4o z q d3 qd + + = 2o z3 4o z5Therefore, in the t
The Petroleum Institute - PHYS - 344
21. Think of the quadrupole as composed of two dipoles, each with dipole moment of magnitude p = qd. The moments point in opposite directions and produce fields in opposite directions at points on the quadrupole axis. Consider the point P on the axis, a d
The Petroleum Institute - PHYS - 344
23. We use Eq. 22-3, assuming both charges are positive. At P, we haveEleft ring = Eright ring 4 0 ( R + R2q1 R2 3/ 2)=q2 (2 R) 4 0 [(2 R ) 2 + R 2 ]3/ 2Simplifying, we obtainq1 2 = 2 q2 53/ 2 0.506.
The Petroleum Institute - PHYS - 344
25. From symmetry, we see that the net field at P is twice the field caused by the upper semicircular charge + q = R (and that it points downward). Adapting the steps leading to Eq. 22-21, we findj Enet = 2 () sin 4 0 R9090 q j. = 2 2 0 R (a) With
The Petroleum Institute - PHYS - 344
26. We find the maximum by differentiating Eq. 22-16 and setting the result equal to zero.d qz dz 4 z 2 + R 2 0F GG HcI q R 2z J= h JK 4 cz + R h2 3/ 2 0 222 5/ 2=0which leads to z = R / 2 . With R = 2.40 cm, we have z = 1.70 cm.
The Petroleum Institute - PHYS - 344
27. (a) The linear charge density is the charge per unit length of rod. Since the charge is uniformly distributed on the rod,=q 4.231015 C = = 5.19 1014 C/m. L 0.0815 m(b) We position the x axis along the rod with the origin at the left end of the rod,
The Petroleum Institute - PHYS - 344
28. We use Eq. 22-16, with q denoting the charge on the larger ring:qz qz 13 + = 0 q = Q 2 2 3/ 2 2 2 3/ 2 4 0 ( z + R ) 4 0 [ z + (3R) ] 53/ 2= 4.19Q .Note: we set z = 2R in the above calculation.
The Petroleum Institute - PHYS - 344
29. The smallest arc is of length L1 = r1 /2 = R/2; the middle-sized arc has length L2 = r2 / 2 = (2 R) / 2 = R ; and, the largest arc has L3 = (3R)/2. The charge per unit length for each arc is = q/L where each charge q is specified in the figure. Follow
The Petroleum Institute - PHYS - 344
30. (a) It is clear from symmetry (also from Eq. 22-16) that the field vanishes at the center. (b) The result (E = 0) for points infinitely far away can be reasoned directly from Eq. 2216 (it goes as 1/z as z ) or by recalling the starting point of its de
The Petroleum Institute - PHYS - 344
31. First, we need a formula for the field due to the arc. We use the notation for the charge density, = Q/L. Sample Problem 22-3 illustrates the simplest approach to circular arc field problems. Following the steps leading to Eq. 22-21, we see that the g
The Petroleum Institute - PHYS - 344
33. Consider an infinitesimal section of the rod of length dx, a distance x from the left end, as shown in the following diagram. It contains charge dq = dx and is a distance r from P. The magnitude of the field it produces at P is given by dE = 1 dx . 4
The Petroleum Institute - PHYS - 344
34. From Eq. 22-26, we obtain z E= 1 2 2 0 z + R2 2 5.3 106 C m 1 = 2 ( 8.85 1012 C2 /N m 2 ) 12cm(12cm ) + ( 2.5cm )22 = 6.3103 N C.
The Petroleum Institute - PHYS - 344
35. At a point on the axis of a uniformly charged disk a distance z above the center of the disk, the magnitude of the electric field isE= z 1 2 2 0 z + R2LM NOP Qwhere R is the radius of the disk and is the surface charge density on the disk. See Eq
The Petroleum Institute - PHYS - 344
36. We write Eq. 22-26 as E z = 1 2 Emax ( z + R 2 )1/ 2 and note that this ratio is 2 (according to the graph shown in the figure) when z = 4.0 cm. Solving this for R we obtain R = z 3 = 6.9 cm.1
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