was
How the new Germany? Large Prosperous Conservative Technology o Gerdinand Graf von Zeppelin Zeppelin Airship company World Steel Production Evolution of German nationalism From conservative pragmatic to imperialistic after 1890 The rise of ethnic nationalism: The Volkisch (Volkish) movement Volkisch movement o Has connotations of folksy, folkloric and populist. It comes from the German word das Volk meaning people, nation. What is known the Volkisch movement was a variety of groups and individuals in the early 20th century Germany who interpreted national identity with a romantic approach emphasizing the uniqueness of German history, language, folklore, values and race o Intellectual and political components of the Volkish movement Sentimental patriotism Emphasized German distinctiveness Folklore, idiosyncratic features etc. Conceived the Germans as a simple good and reliable people of superior moral quality Rejected cultural pollution from external influences Environmentalist and conservative Preached a self-sufficient lifestyle lived with a mystical relation to the land Racism German morally and racially superior Moral others: The French etc The racial other: The Jews
Anti-Semitism Extreme Conservatism Anti-liberals: Against parliamentarian democracy Anti communists, anti-immigration, anti-capitalism Idealistic approach to the past Creators of Historical myths: o Teutonic Germany o The Aryan theory The word Aryan in the 19th centrury was ued to refer to a member of the people who spoke the parent language of the Indo-European
o Aryans
languages, also known as Indo-Iranian Indo- European peoples inhavited parts of what are now Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan, and Inda are considered the ancestors of modern Europeans Som 19th century German scholars (Friedrich Schlegel the most prominent) identified connections the term rya Iranian in Parsi with the term Ehre, honor, and older Germanic names containing the element Volkish and later Nazi and neo-Nazis, define Aryan as non- Jewish, Caucasian o Teutons Early tribes Germanic who wanted Europe in late Classical times and the early Dar Ages Mass suicide of Teuton women in the face of Roman slavery o Ethnic German nationalism: Volkish thought Adolf Stoecker In 1878 Stoecker founded the Christian Social Workers Party to rival the Social Democratic Party of Germany. As a Christian-only organization, he used the party to attack Jews, accusing them of dominating the press. Stoecker proposed severe limits on the Civil Rights of Jews in Germany Theodor Fritsch
Ran an anti-Semitic publishing house which published Antisemitic Catechism in 1893, later published as The Handbook of the Jewish Question in 1896. By 1914, his publications had undergone numerous editions; he continued to influence public opinion until his death in 1933 Paul Anton Lagarde German Orientalist, Lagarde was one of the most important biblical critics and Middle Eastern philogists of his century. He held the Jews in aversion as believers in a liberal and international modernism which was anathema to his own nostalgic conception of a medieval Teutonism. For him the
Jews were a repulsive burden, with no historical use. Wilhelm Marr Even the most honorable Jews is under the inescapable influence of his blood, carrier of a Semitic morality, totally opposed to Germanic values aimed at the destruction and burial of German values and traditions. Before the vote for anyone, first ask Houston Steward Chamberlain Most influential Volkish writer Wrote The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century Main argument: Teutonic people were the heirs to the empires of Greece and Rome The New Imperialism o Imperialism as old as human history o European colonialism after 1492 o New Imperialism after 1870 was more complex Diverse forms of domination Annexation Protectorate: An autonomous state receives diplomatic of military protection from a stronger state Sphere of Influence: The claim of a state to exercise exclusive or predominate control over a foreign territory. Established through international negotiation Congress of Berlin (1880)