1. QUESTIONS The Industrial Revolution profoundly changed European civilization. Discuss the impact of the Industrial Revolution on the lower and middle classes. Overall, was this impact beneficial or harmful? Important People Josiah Wedgwod o English Porcelain manufacture o Pioneered advertising techniques James Hargreaves o The Spinning Jenny o Sixteen spindles improved to one hundred and twenty spindles Richard Arkwright o The Water Frame o Water powered device that was designed to produce cotton fabric. It used a water wheel to increase production Thomas Newcomen o Invented the first steam engine James Watt o Increased the efficiency of the Steam Engine Henry Cort o Puddling Process
Women Managed agricultural industries Were expected to work in the home Cities Growth o London 700,000 1,000,000 o Paris 500,000 o Berlin Tripled to 170, 000 o Warsaw 120,000 o St. Petersburg 250,000 Classes of people Upper Class o Small group of nobles o Large merchants o Bankers o Financiers
o Clergy o Government officials o Controlled political and economic affairs The Middle Class o Prosperous not necessarily wealthy o Merchants o Trades people o Bankers o Professionals o Lived in cities and towns sources of income had little or nothing to do with the land o Fostered the revolution of consumption
Artisans o Shopkeepers o Artisans o Wage Earners Single largest group in any city Grocers, butchers, fishmongers, carpenters, cabinetmakers, smiths, printers, hand-loom weavers and tailors Lived where they worked Important Middle Class gained from the industrial revolution, they came from it Many poor people were exploited
Hard Times Charles Dickens Cities became crowded
2. Discuss German and Italian nationalist feelings as they developed in the 19th century. In what aspects was Italian nationalism similar to German nationalism? In what respects did the processes of unification of these two countries differ? German Nationalism New Germany o Large o Prosperous o Conservative o Technologically advanced Zeppelin Steel
Evolution o Conservative Pragmatic imperialistic after 1890 o Ethnic nationalism Volkish movement Folklore and populist Das Volk the people Interpreted national identity with a romantic approach emphasizing the uniqueness of German history, language, folklore, values and race
o Components of the Volkish movement Emphasized German distinctiveness Conceived the Germans as a simple good and reliable people of superior moral quality Rejected cultural pollution from external influences Environmentalist and conservative Preached a self-sufficient lifestyle Racism German morally and racially superior Extreme Conservatism Anti- Liberal o Aryans Volkish define as non- Jewish, Caucasian o Teutons Early Germanic people wandered Europe Mass suicide of Teuton women in the face of Roman slavery o Ethnic German nationalism Adolf Stoecker Christian Social Workers Party Anti Communist Against immigration Anti- Capitalist
Christian only organization used to attack Jews Theodor Fritsch Anti Semitic publishing house which published Anti-Semitic Catechism 1893 Paul Anton Lagarde German Orientalist Stated Jews were a repulsive burden Wilhelm Marr Houston Chamberlain Most influential Volkish writer Wrote The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century
Italy o Foundations Roman Empire Renaissance o Cultural Language High Culture Ethnicity o Economic Markets o Obstacles
Old elites in independent states who feared liberalism King of Naples The Pope Austria The historic gap between northern and southern Italy o First Stage 1814- 1848 The Carbonari Rebellion Young Italy Guisseppe Mazzini Propagandist Romantic liberal Guiseppe Garibaldi Leader of the Southern Nationalists Revolutions of 1848 Naples Venice Milan o Second Stage 1848- 1870 Camillo Cavour
International support forfor the creation of Italy o 1858 alliance with France against Austria o Unify all Italian nationalist forces o War against Austria Conversation with Garibaldi Second war with Austria o Venice
1861 1866
o Final Steps Papal States 1870 Garibaldi enters Rome Rome is annexed by the Kingdom of Italy to become the capital of new Italy
The New Italy o Constitutional Monarchy o Ruled by liberals o Italian nationalism remained committed to democratic traditions o No ethnic nationalism
3. Discuss the motives that lay behind European expansion after 1870. Of what relative importance were the following: economic pressure, quest for security, non political and non motives? economic Economics, relied on raw materials Germany was building new factories which required raw materials Political, Economic problems caused political tensions. Politicians needed something else to get votes Italy International: Balance of Power in Europe shifted due to unification of Germany and
4. At the end of the 19th century an increasing number of intellectuals expressed disillusion with the legacy of the rational-scientific tradition from the Enlightenment in shaping European bourgeois capitalistic societies. Among these intellectuals we have studied with more detail Joseph Conrad and Frederick Nietzsche. How does Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness reflect this disappointment? What kind of solutions did Nietzsche propose to better understand human nature and to transform society? Conrad: Felt that European expansionism took advantage of the native peoples of occupied nations Nietzsche, Christianity Glorifies weakness not the strength that life requires 5. It had long been felt that a unified Germany would revolutionize the relationships among European nations. Was this anticipation confirmed? Which were the main causes for the advent of World War I and what role did Germany play in it? Was the war inevitable? Means Signing in 1882 of the Triple Alliance Agreement o Germany Austria Italy
Article Four In case a Great Power non-signatory to the present Treaty should threaten the security of the states of one of the High Contracting Parties, and the threatened Party should find itself forced on that account to make war against it, the two others bind themselves to observe towards their Ally a benevolent neutrality. Each of them reserves to itself, in this case, the right to take part in the war, if it should see fit, to make common cause with its Ally. Secret Pact With Russia 1887 Bismarck secretly made a treaty with Russia without informing
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Austria. Russia and Germany would observe neutrality towards each other if either became involved in war with a third power Kaiser Wilhelm II 1888 Volkish Encouraged German participation on Imperialism Lapsed the secret alliance with Russia Encouraged Austria to be firm in the Balkans Promoted a new policy of massive naval construction New International Alignments Bismarck Resigns Alliance France and Russia 1894 Entente Cordiale France and British 1904 Triple Entente France Russia
Uk Europe Divided in two blocks o Balkan Conflict The Spark Balkan Wars First War 1908 Bosnian Crisis Alliance Serbia 1878 Russia vs. Austrian interests Serbia-Russia Humiliated Second Balkan War 1912 Serbia took land from Albania Germany backed Austria against Serbia New Humiliation Archduke Franz Ferdinands Assassination June 28th, 1914 Gavrilo Princip Member of Young Bosnia Following
July Ultimatum to Serbia by Austria-Hungary July 28th, Austria declares the war to Serbia Russian mobilization (Beginning of the Great War) July 31st, Germany Declares war on Russia and mobilizes August 3rd, Germany declares war on France and invades Belgium to out flank the French army August 4th, The United Kingdom declares war on Germany General belief that a war in Europe would be swift, decisive and Over by Christmas Important Alliances caused World War I Germany took blame
6. The Russian Revolution was a pivotal event in the history of the twentieth century. Write an essay discussing which in were the causes of the revolution. What was the role of Lenins use of totalitarian means for the success of his revolutionary goals? Why was this revolution so transcendental from a historical point of view? Why did the Russian Revolution Occur Backwardness o Agrarian country o Seventy percent illiteracy rte o Serfdom abolished in 181 o Uneven distribution of wealth Autocratic Government o Czar
Started a process of industrialization after the 1870s Social demand for change o Liberals o Socialists o Anarchists Politics o Union of Liberation Vladimir Lenin Bolsheviks o October 24thth, Boksheviks and Left Socialist Revolutionaries staged a nearly bloodless coup
7. Compare the totalitarian states created by the Fascists in Italy and Germany with the Communists in the Soviet Union. What were the key similarities and differences? Similarities: All totalitarian, Propaganda Differences: Italy: Constitutional Monarchy Ruled by liberals o Italian nationalism remained committed to democratic traditions o No ethnic nationalism Germany o Large o Prosperous o Conservative o Technologically advanced Russia o Communist