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Chapter14 (7e)

Course: BIOL 1711, Fall 2006
School: North Texas
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The DNA: Genetic Material Chapter 14 Copyright McGraw-Hill Companies Permission required for reproduction or display Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Hammerling Experiment Hammerling Experiment Cells of Acetabularia green alga cut into pieces and observed to see which were able to express heredity information - Discovered heredity information stored in the...

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The DNA: Genetic Material Chapter 14 Copyright McGraw-Hill Companies Permission required for reproduction or display Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Hammerling Experiment Hammerling Experiment Cells of Acetabularia green alga cut into pieces and observed to see which were able to express heredity information - Discovered heredity information stored in the foot of the cell Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Transplantation Experiments Robert Briggs and Thomas King (1952) Frog nucleus transplant into enucleated eggs John Gurdon More frog nucleus transplantation experiments (totipotent) Nuclei and recipient eggs must be synchronized with respect to cell cycle Steward (1958) Carrot tissues can develop into complete plants (plant tissue culture) Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies DNA is the Genetic Material Very early it was discovered chromosomes are composed of proteins and DNA. But it took several experiments to conclusively determine specifically which substance made up genes. Griffith Experiment - Documented movement of genes from one organism to another (transformation). Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Avery and Hershey-Chase Experiments Avery Experiment Removed almost all protein from bacteria, and found no reduction in transforming activity (DNase, RNase, protease, lipase, etc.) Hershey-Chase Waring Blender Experiment Used radioactive isotopes (32P and 35S) to label DNA and protein. Found genes used to specify new generations of viruses were made of DNA Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Chemical Nature of Nucleic Acids DNA made up of nucleic acids. Levine (1920s) Five carbon sugar, phosphate group, and an organic base - Purines - Large bases Adenine and Guanine - Pyrimidines - Small bases Cytosine and Thymine Erwin Chargaffs Rule - A =T and G=C Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Chemical Nature of Nucleic Acids Nucleotide made up of a sugar attached to a phosphate and a base Nucleotides distinguished by the bases - Reaction between phosphate group of one nucleotide and hydroxyl group of another is dehydration synthesis Phosphodiester Bond Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Three-Dimensional Structure of DNA Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins X-ray diffraction suggested DNA had helical shape with a uniform diameter of about 2 nanometers Watson and Crick deduced DNA is a double helix with bases of two strands pointing inward forming base-pairs Purines pairing with pyrimidines - Constant 2 nanometer diameter Strands are antiparallel Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Semi-Conservative Replication Each chain in the helix is a complimentary mirror image of the other Double helix unzips and undergoes semiconservative replication - Each strand of the original duplex becomes one strand of another duplex - Confirmed by Meselson-Stahl Experiment Ultracentrifuge, CsCl, 14N, 15N, E. coli Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Companies Raven Hill - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Replication Process Replication of DNA begins at one or more sites on the DNA molecule where there is a specific sequence of nucleotides called a replication origin. DNA replicating enzyme DNA polymerase III and other enzymes add nucleotides to the growing complementary DNA strands. Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Replication Process DNA polymerase cannot link the first nucleotides in a newly synthesized strand. RNA polymerase (primase) constructs an RNA primer. DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to 3 end. Leading strand replicates toward replication fork, DNA polymerase (DNAP) III. Lagging strand elongates from replication fork, primers removed by DNAP I. Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies DNA Replication Fork Copyright McGraw-Hill Companies Permission required for reproduction or display Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Replication Process DNA ligase attaches fragment to lagging strand. Because synthesis of the leading strand is continuous, while the lagging strand is discontinuous, the overall replication of DNA is referred to as semidiscontinuous. Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Replication Process Open DNA Double Helix Initiate replication Unwind duplex Stabilize single strands Relieve torque Build Primer Assemble Complementary Strands Remove Primer Join Okazaki Fragments Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Eukaryotic Replication In Eukaryotic cells, DNA is packaged in nucleosomes within chromosomes Each individual zone replicates as a discrete section called a replication unit or a replicon (many per chromosome) - Each replication unit has its own origin of replication Fast Replication due to many origins (about one per 100K bp on average) But individual replication forks slower than in prokaryotes Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies One-Gene/One-Polypeptide Hypothesis Genes produce their effects by specifying the structure of enzymes Archibald Garrod (1902) alkaptonuria (a disease that is passed on in families in a Mendelian fashion), genetic diseases Gene encodes the structure of one enzyme (Beadle and Tatum), later one polypeptide Many enzymes contain multiple polypeptide subunits, each encoded by a separate gene Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies DNA Encodes Information for Amino Acid Sequence of Proteins Watson and Crick (1953) structure of DNA Frederick Sanger (1953) first sequence of a protein (insulin) Vernon Ingram (1956) sequence of hemoglobin beta chain, sickle cell anemia explained (single glu to val change) Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Review Pivotal Genetic Experiments Chemical Nature of Nucleic Acids Three-Dimensional Structure of DNA Replication Semi Conservative Eukaryotic DNA Replication One-Gene/One-Polypeptide Hypothesis Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Copyright McGraw-Hill Companies Permission required for reproduction or display Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies
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