MODERN THE INDIAN REVOLUTION (1915-1947)
Review The Gandhian Strategy of Non-Violent Resistance against British colonialism for the National Independence of India
THE MODERN INDIAN REVOLUTION (1915-1947)
The Political Question
How should th revolution for national independence against colonialism be made?
How did Gandhi answer this question? How did Mao answer this question? How would you answer this question?
THE GANDHIAN STRATEGY OF NON-VIOLENT RESISTANCE
Review Questions
How many phases did the British conquest of the Mughal Empire take? How and when did the Mughal Empire become a colony of Great Britain? What does the term "British Raj" mean?
THE GANDHIAN STRATEGY OF NON-VIOLENT RESISTANCE
How many phases did the British conquest of the Mughal Empire take?
The British conquest of India can be divided into two main phases.
Informal British Rule (1765-1857) Formal British Rule (1858-1947)
THE MODERN INDIAN REVOLUTION
How did the Mughal Empire become a colony of Great Britain according to Heinz?
The British East India Company took over the Mughal Empire by acquiring the three strategic locations (Calcutta, Madras, Bombay) to project its power inland, working for Mughal emperors for political and territorial controls, exploiting local politics, using its private army, and manipulating the Hindu "doctrine of lapse." (Heinz 1994: 340-345) Students' Task: Use information in Heinz (1994) to explain each of the 5 key points made in the claim.
THE MODERN INDIAN REVOLUTION
How did the Mughal Empire become a colony of Great Britain according to Heinz? Continued.
By 1856, most of India was under the informal rule of the British East India Company (1623-1858). In 1858, India was placed under the formal colonial rule of the British Crown following the 1857 Sepoy Rebellion.
What did the term "sepoy" mean?
THE MODERN INDIAN REVOLUTION (1915-1947)
How did "India" change from a British colony into the Republic of India (Bhrat Gaarjya)?
"India" changed from a British colony into the Republic of India as the direct result of the non-violent resistance of the Indian people against the British Raj under the leadership of Mohandas K. Gandhi and the Indian National Congress (INC), beginning in 1915 (after his return to India) and ending with the last political campaign "Quit India" (1942-47) when the new Labor Government in England decided to grant India her national independence on 08/15/1947.
THE MODERN INDIAN REVOLUTION (1915-1947)
How was the modern Indian Revolution for national independence made?
The modern Indian revolution for India's national independence can be divided into 2 main phases.
Phase I of the Modern Indian Revolution (1885-1915)
Phase I began with the creation of the Indian National Congress (hereafter INC) in 1885 and ended with the return of Mohandas K. Gandhi to India in 1915.
Phase II of the Modern Indian Revolution (1915-1947)
Phase II began with Gandhi's return to India in 1915 and ended with the realization of national independence under Gandhi's leadership on 08/15/1947.
THE MODERN INDIAN REVOLUTION (1915-1947)
How was the Indian National Congress (INC) transformed under the leadership of Gandhi?
In December 1921, under the leadership of Mohandas Gandhi and other INC associates like Jawaharlal Nehru, the INC was soon transformed from an elite club into a nation-wide mass organization, organizing and orchestrating the Indian Independence Movement.
Membership was open to individuals of all varnas and jatis, reaching over 15 million INC members and over 70 million participants
After independence in 1947, the INC was reorganized to become the nation's ruling political party, challenged for leadership only in recent decades, but currently the ruling party.
THE MODERN INDIAN REVOLUTION (1915-1947)
How did the modern Indian Revolution develop under the leadership of Mohandas Gandhi?
The modern Indian revolution took a new drastic direction after the Amritsar Massacre when new types of non-violent campaign were launched like the first non-cooperation movement, the Salt March, the "Quit India" campaign.
The Amritsar Massacre
13 April 1919
The First Non-Cooperation Movement (early 1920s) The Total Independence Day (Purna Swaraj)
26 January 1930
The Salt March
12 March - 06 April 1930
The "Quit India" Movement (Bharat Chhodo Andolan)
08 August 1942 (the Quit India Resolution passed)
The National Independence Day
15 August 1947
THE MODERN INDIAN REVOLUTION (1915-1947)
How did the modern Indian Revolution develop under the leadership of Mohandas Gandhi?
The Amritsar Massacre
On 13 April 1919, in Amritsar, Punjab, General Reginald Dyer ordered his soldiers to fire 1,651 rounds into the unarmed crowd of some 5,000 men, women, and children, killing 379 (British figure) or 1,499 (Indian estimate), and wounding 1,137 persons. The Amritsar Massacre dispelled all WWI hopes of achieving the status of "home rule" for India and completely changed the direction of the Indian revolution under the leadership of Gandhi for full national independence.
The Amritsar Massacre
Gandhi criticized both the actions of the British Raj and the retaliatory violence of Indians. He authored the resolution offering condolences to British civilian victims and condemning the riots, which after initial opposition in the party, was accepted following Gandhi's emotional speech advocating his principle that all violence was evil and could not be justified.[8]
THE MODERN INDIAN REVOLUTION (1915-1947)
How did the modern Indian Revolution develop under the leadership of Mohandas Gandhi?
The First Nation-Wide Non-Cooperation Movement (early 1920s)
It was the political application of the Gandhian strategy of "satyagraha" (pursuit of truth) and can therefore be called the first satyagraha movement.
Concrete types of non-violent political action that people were urged to take (how to do non-violent resistance):
urged the use of Khadi and Indian material as alternatives to those shipped from Britain urged people to boycott British educational institutions and law courts by nonparticipation urged people to resign from their government employment (not working for the British Raj) urged people to refuse paying taxes urged people to forsake British titles and honors.
THE MODERN INDIAN REVOLUTION (1915-1947)
A Question for Analytical Thinking Skills
What political and economic objectives can be interpreted to have been aimed at and achieved by Gandhi and INC leaders when they decided to launch the first nation-wide non-cooperation movement during the early 1920s? Students' Answers
ECONOMIC & CULTURAL (IDENTITY) SIGNIFICANCES OF THE Khd MOVEMENT
Khd is Indian handspun and hand-woven cloth. The raw materials may be cotton, silk, or wool, which are spun into threads on a spinning wheel called a charkha. What were the economic & cultural (identity) significances of the Khd movement? Students' Answers
A "QI" Demonstration in Bangalore
THE MODERN INDIAN REVOLUTION (1915-1947)
THE CHARKHA SYMBOLISM
THE MODERN INDIAN REVOLUTION (1915-1947)
did How the modern Indian Revolution develop under the leadership of Mohandas Gandhi? The Salt March (12 March - 06 April 1930) Gandhi emerged from his long seclusion by undertaking his most famous campaign, a march of about 400 kilometers from his commune in Ahmedabad to Dandi, on the coast of Gujarat between 12 March and 6 April 1930. The march is usually known as the Dandi March or the Salt Satyagraha. At Dandi, in protest against British monopoly of salt production and taxes on salt, Gandhi and thousands of followers broke the British law by making their own salt from seawater. A nation-wide follow-up movement by INC members and common people making their own salt and selling salt on open markets. Question for students What were the economic impacts for both the British Raj and the Indian masses that can be interpreted to have produced by the nation-wide salt production movement?
The Salt Satyagraha (Salt March)
Thousands of Indians joined him on this march to the sea. This campaign was one of his most successful at upsetting British hold on India. Britain responded by imprisoning over 60,000 people.Thousands of Indians
joined him on this march to the sea. This campaign was one of his most successful at upsetting British hold on India; Britain responded by imprisoning over 60,000 people.
THE MODERN INDIAN REVOLUTION (1915-1947)
How did the modern Indian Revolution develop under the leadership of Mohandas Gandhi?
Two nation-wide movements before WWII and during WWII were politically important, resulting in complete independence in 1947.
THE CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT (1930-1931)
Gandhi was thrown in jail together with thousands of INC members (released in January 1931)
THE "QUIT INDIA" CAMPAIGN (1942-1943)
The historical context of WWII (1939 Nazi Germany invaded Poland) The Resolution for Immediate Independence (August 8, 1942)
THE MODERN INDIAN REVOLUTION (1915-1947)
THE "QUIT INDIA" CAMPAIGN (1942-1943)
Bharat Chhodo Andolan!
The historical context of WWII (1939 Nazi Germany invaded Poland) The Resolution for Immediate Independence
On August 8, 1942 the Quit India Resolution was passed at the Bombay session of the All India Congress Committee (AICC). At Gowalia Tank, Bombay, Gandhi told Indians to follow non-violent civil disobedience. He told the masses to act as an independent nation. His call found support among a large number of Indians.
THE MODERN INDIAN REVOLUTION (1915-1947)
THE "QUIT INDIA" CAMPAIGN (1942-1943) The Immediate British Response (next day) Alarmed by advance of Japanese army to Indian-Burmese border Gandhi & his wife (Kasturba) imprisoned @ Aga Khan Palace in Pune The entire INC Working Committee imprisoned @ Ahmednagar Fort
Despite lack of direct leadership, large scale protests and demonstrations were held all over the country. Workers remained absent en masse and strikes were called. However, not all the demonstrations were peaceful. At some places bombs exploded, government buildings were set on fire, electricity was cut, and transport and communication lines were severed.
Mass detentions of freedom fighters
Over 100,000 thrown in jail Mass fines levied Hundreds of resisters and innocent people killed in police and army firings
The Aftermath
By 1943, the "Quit India" campaign petered out.
THE MODERN INDIAN REVOLUTION (1915-1947)
POST-WAR DEVELOPMENT
The Labor Government took power in London. The Labor Government recognized the rationality and economics of granting INDIA her full national independence.
On 3 June 1947, Viscount Louis Mountbatten, the last British Governor-General of India, announced the partitioning of the British Indian Empire into a secular India and a Muslim Pakistan. On 14 August 1947, Pakistan was declared a separate nation from them. At midnight, on 15 August 1947, India became an independent nation. Violent clashes between Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs followed.
THE MODERN INDIAN REVOLUTION (1915-1947)
What are the ideological natures of the modern Indian Revolution? It is nationalist. It is anti-colonialist. It is egalitarian. It is humanistic. It is modernistic.
Democratic Federalist
GANDHI: THE MAN AND THE MISSION
Birth: 2 October 1869 in Porbandar, Kathiawar Agency, British India Death: 30 January 1948 (aged 78) in New Delhi , Union of India Cause of death: Assassination Nationality: Indian Name: Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Title: Mahatma K. Gandhi
"Mahatma" means "Great Soul"
GANDHI: THE MAN AND THE MISSION
Title: Mahatma Gandhi Education: University College London Known for Indian Independence Movement Political party: Indian National Congress Religious affiliation: Hinduism Spouse(s): Kasturba Gandhi Children: Harilal Manilal Ramdas
GANDHI: THE MAN AND THE DISCIPLINE
Gandhi's Six Guiding Lights
TRUTH (SATYA) NON-VIOLENCE (AHIMSA) VEGETARIANISM PURITY (BRAMACHARYA) SIMPLICITY FAITH
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhi
THE GANDHIIAN STRATEGY OF NON-VIOLENT RESISTANCE
TWO MAIN PHASES OF THE GANDHIAN NON-VIOLENT RESISTANCE FOR INDIAN NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE
FIRST PHASE OF SATYAGRAHA (pre-1915) SECOND PHASE OF SATYAGRAHA (1915-1948)
Gandhi famously led Indians in protesting the British-imposed salt tax with the 400 km (249 mi) Dandi Salt March in 1930, and later in calling for the British to Quit India in 1942.
The SATYAGRAHA as the pursuit of truth and the non-violent resistance to tyranny through mass civil disobedience, firmly founded upon AHIMSA
THE GANDHIIAN STRATEGY OF NON-VIOLENT RESISTANCE
The First Phase of the Gandhian Strategy of Non-Violent Resistance
The Historical Context The Gandhian Formula for Non-Violent Resistance
THE FIRST PHASE OF THE GANDHIIAN STRATEGY
What was the "historical context" of the first phase of the Gandhian strategy of non-violent resistance in South Africa?
Hindu and Muslim workers working in British mines and other operations in South Africa Mohandas Gandhi was a young lawyer working for a private firm in South Africa.
THE FIRST PHASE OF THE GANDHIIAN STRATEGY
How did Mohandas Gandhi carry out his non-violent struggle as portrayed in the movie "GANDHI"?
How Gandhi mobilize the support of Indian workers How Gandhi challenged the British colonial authorities
THE GANDHIIAN MODEL OF NON-VIOLENT RESISTANCE
The First Phase of the Gandhian Marga of Non-Violent Resistance as Portrayed in the Movie "Gandhi"
HOW DID MAHATMA GANDHI PROVOKE THE BRITISH AUTHORITIES IN AFRICA? His Method experimented successfully in Africa
Gandhi organized a public meeting where he denounced British racial discrimination and burned ID cards issued to Hindu and Muslim mining workers Gandhi won political support and participation of Hindu and Muslim workers by building community houses for them
THE GANDHIIAN MODEL OF NON-VIOLENT RESISTANCE
The Gandhian Model of Non-Violent Resistance
MOBILIZE THE PEOPLE TO RESIST INJUSTICES PROVOKE THE AUTHORITIES FOR RESPONSE RESIST ONE'S INNER ANGER AS IT ARISES RESIST ONE'S HATRED TO STRIKE BACK ACCEPT VIOLENCE INFLICTED AND SUFFER MOBILIZE WORLD MASS MEDIA FOR SUPPORT