& SLIDES\Trellis\Trellis2.ppt
Trellis Vine Training Systems California Viticulture Practices
David R. Smart
University of California Dept. of Viticulture & Enology
1. 1. Construction is similar to that of a suspension bridge. 2. Supports the weight of the fruit, vegetation and wind shear. 3. Longer rows require stronger end assemblies.
2142 RMI North [e-mail] 530-754-7143/754-7144 530-754-7143/754-
Trellis Training Systems
4. Determines shape/location of permanent vine structures (trunk, cordons arms) cordons, arms). 5. Trellis supports the pruning system and type or location of fruit bearing units. 6. Defines the volume of space available for the canopy.
Trellis Training Systems
7. Determines the proportion of total leaf area and fruit exposed to sunlight. 8. Determines the shoot growth orientation. 9. Defines the location of the fruiting zone relative to foliage and the ground.
Trellis Training Systems
Means of balancing potential site vigor with vine capacity Means of getting highest crop load /quality compromise possible.
Head Training Systems
1900 1960s
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Year One
Scion
Rootstock
Lodi is an old viticultural area. Some vineyards have vines 80-100 80years old like this years old, like this head head pruned Zinfandel
Vertical Single Curtain Systems
1960s 1980s
California Sprawl
Foliage wires 24 12 20 12 Cor don on wire 54 42 42 54 12 Cordon wire Foliage wire
Year Two
1960s - 1980s
1990s
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Year Three
Vertical 2- & 3-Wire Trellis 23California Sprawl
Yield potential depends on site, site, pruning formula and spacing Wide row width, lower per acre vine density
California Sprawl (1950s 1980s)
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Vertical Shoot Positioned Trellis (VSP)
Year One
1980s present
Higher yield potential than standard systems systems Intensely managed canopy, mechanization per acre
Reduced row width, higher vine density
Year Two
Year Four
Year Three
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The Concept of Concep Vertically Shoot Positioned Systems
Allows betweenAllows between-row spacing to be reduced, maximaximizing linear feet of fruit bearing surface per acre. 10% increase in yield per acre for every foot that between-row spacing is reduced that between spacing is reduced Improved canopy microclimate. Increased sunlight interception, penetration Improved fruit zone microclimate Well suited for low vigor and cool climates and perhaps vertically divided canopies. Structurally well suited for mechanization.
Tons per acre
Average yield per acre 1982-2004
6
Napa
5
Sprawl dominant
C hardonnay C abernet Sauvignon
4
3
VSP 1982 dominant
2 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
Years
Leaf layer number in the fruit zone
Row Spacing vs. Fruit Bearing Area
Fruit bearing area per acre (linear feet)
12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 4 6 8 10 12
5
NP
4
Positioned Non-positioned
Equivalent yield = 4 tons/ac
P
3
2000 1.5 lbs/foot row length
2
1980 2.4 lbs/foot row length
1
0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Row spacing (feet)
Leaf area density (m 2 m -3 )
Cabernet Sauvignon
Cabernet Sauvignon Oakville, California August 2000
89 F
89o F Fruit 99oF
87 F 88 F 92 F 92oF 98oF 103oF
o o
o
83oF
85 F 91 F 92oF
o
Fruit Fruit o 82 F 89 F
VSP
Sprawl
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Flexibility
The reality of Vertically Shoot Positioned Systems
In many regions total yields per acre have not improved as a result of narrow row spacing facilitated by VSP. Vineyard development and infrastructure costs have increased dramatically increased dramatically. Fruit exposure to sunlight is often excessive in warm climates with this system (Region III or warmer) resultresulting in yield losses, fruit sunburn and other fruit composcomposition problems. It is not particularly flexible although adoption of vertical divided systems could help.
Divided Canopies (Curtains)
Concept of Canopy Division
Canopy division doubles the amount of fruit bearing surface per unit row length. Decreases canopy congestion by reducing leaf area per unit canopy volume unit canopy volume. Improved canopy microclimate Improved yield in most cases Improved fruit quality, decreased sunburn Improved production efficiency Fruit spread over larger canopy volume
Vertically Divided Trellis Verticall Systems
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Lyre Trellis Horizontally Horizontally Divided Trellis Trellis Systems
Higher yield potential than standard system
Idea iis tto iincrease ffruit lload per s o ncrease ruit oad per
vine and therefore decrease vegetative growth
Cabernet Sauvignon Oakville
System Spurs/ vine Pruning Shoots/ Yield per wt/vine vine acre (tons) (lbs) Pruning wt/ft canopy length (lbs)
Single Divided
18 36
95 156
7.2 10.1 (+40%)
9.8 5.8
0.75 0.54 (-28%)
Dokoozlian et al.- 1992
Cabernet Sauvignon Oakville, California August 2000
89 F
89o F Fruit 99oF
87 F 88 F 92 F 92oF 98oF 103oF
o o
o
83oF
85 F 91 F 92oF
o
Fruit Fruit o 82 F 89 F
VSP
Sprawl
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Wye Trellis
Also Higher yield potential than standard systems:
Supports increased bud load
Improved bud fruitfulness
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Table Grape Trellis Systems
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