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KWChapter17_StudentSlides
Course: CHM 111, Fall 2009School: F & M
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InternationalTrade PowerPointSlides CHAPTER17 byCanErbil 2004 Worth Publishers, all rights reserved Whatyouwilllearninthischapter: Howcomparativeadvantageleadstomutually beneficialinternationaltrade Thesourcesofinternationalcomparativeadvantage Whogainsandwholosesfrominternationaltrade, andwhythegainsexceedthelosses Howtariffsandimportquotascauseinefficiency andreducetotalsurplus Whygovernmentsoftenengageintrade...
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InternationalTrade
PowerPointSlides CHAPTER17 byCanErbil
2004 Worth Publishers, all rights reserved
Whatyouwilllearninthischapter:
Howcomparativeadvantageleadstomutually beneficialinternationaltrade Thesourcesofinternationalcomparativeadvantage Whogainsandwholosesfrominternationaltrade, andwhythegainsexceedthelosses Howtariffsandimportquotascauseinefficiency andreducetotalsurplus Whygovernmentsoftenengageintrade protectiontoshelterdomesticindustriesfrom importsandhowinternationaltradeagreements counteractthis
2
ComparativeAdvantageandInternational Trade
Goodsandservicespurchasedfromothercountries areimports;goodsandservicessoldtoother countriesareexports. Tounderstandwhyinternationaltradeoccursand whyeconomistsbelieveitisbeneficialtothe economy,wewillfirstreviewtheconceptof comparativeadvantage. Thefollowinggraphillustratesthegrowing importanceofinternationaltrade
3
TheGrowingImportanceofInternationalTrade
Panel(a)illustratesthefactthatoverthepast40years,theUnited Stateshasexportedasteadilygrowingshareofitsoutput(thatis, itsgrossdomesticproduct)toothercountriesandimporteda growingshareofitsconsumptionfromabroad.Panel(b)illustrates thefactthatinternationaltradeisevenmoreimportanttomost othercountriesthanitistotheUnitedStates. 4
ProductionPossibilitiesandComparative Advantage,Revisited
Letsrepeatthedefinitionofcomparative advantagefromearlier: Acountryhasacomparativeadvantageinproducing agoodiftheopportunitycostofproducingthegood islowerforthatcountrythanforothercountries.
5
ProductionPossibilitiesandComparative Advantage,Revisited
TheRicardianmodelofinternationaltrade analyzesinternationaltradeundertheassumption thatproductionpossibilityfrontiersarestraightlines. Autarkyisasituationinwhichacountrycannot tradewithothercountries. Thefollowingfigureshowshypotheticalproduction possibilityfrontiersfortheUSandColombiaandwe assumethatthereareonlytwogoodsandthe productionpossibilityfrontiersarestraightlines.
6
ComparativeAdvantageandthe ProductionPossibilityFrontier
TheU.S.opportunitycostofaboxof rosesintermsofacomputeris2:2 computersmustbeforgoneforevery additionalboxofrosesproduced.
TheColombianopportunitycostofabox ofrosesintermsofacomputerisonly 0.5:0.5computermustbeforgonefor everyadditionalboxofrosesproduced.
Therefore,ColombiahasacomparativeadvantageinrosesandtheUnitedStates hasacomparativeadvantageincomputers. Inautarky,CUSistheU.S.productionandconsumptionbundleandCCOisthe Colombianproductionandconsumptionbundle.
7
TheGainsfromInternationalTrade
TheRicardianmodelofinternationaltrade showsthattradebetweentwocountriesmakes bothcountriesbetteroffthantheywouldbein autarkythatis,therearegainsfromtrade. Thefollowingfigureillustratesthatspecialization hastheeffectofincreasingtotalworldproduction ofbothgoodsandthateachcountrycanconsume moreofbothgoodsthanitdidunderautarky.
8
TheGainsfromInternationalTrade
Tradeincreasesworldproductionofbothgoods,allowingboth countriestoconsumemore.Here,eachcountryspecializesits productionasaresultoftrade:theUnitedStatesproducesatQUS andColombiaproducesatQCO.Totalworldproductionof computershasrisenfrom1,500to2,000andofrosesfrom1,500 boxesto2,000boxes.TheUnitedStatescannowconsume bundleC'US,andColombiacannowconsumebundleC'CO 9 consumptionbundlesthatwereunattainablewithouttrade.
SourcesofComparativeAdvantage
Themainsourcesofcomparativeadvantageare: Internationaldifferencesinclimatee.g.winter deliveriesofChileangrapesandNewZealand applestotheUS. Technology FactorendowmentsTherelationshipbetween comparativeadvantageandfactoravailabilityis foundinaninfluentialmodelofinternationaltrade, theHeckscherOhlinmodel.
10
HeckscherOhlinmodel
TheHeckscherOhlinmodelofinternationaltrade showshowacountryscomparativeadvantagecan bedeterminedbyitssupplyoffactorsof production. Akeyconceptinthemodelisfactorintensity. Thefactorintensityofproductionrefersto differencesintheratiooffactorsusedtoproducea good.Oilrefiningiscapitalintensivecomparedto clothingmanufacture,becauseoilrefinersusea higherratioofcapitaltolaborthanclothing producers.
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HeckscherOhlinmodel
TheHeckscherOhlinmodelshowshow comparativeadvantagecanarisefromdifferences infactoryendowments:goodsdifferintheirfactor intensity,andcountriestendtoexportgoodsthat areintensiveinthefactorstheyhavein abundance. Tradeinmanufacturedgoodsamongstdeveloped countriesisbestexplainedbyincreasingreturnsto production.
12
EconomicsinAction:
Case:TheComparativeAdvantageofthe UnitedStates BeforeW.Leontief,economistsassumedthatthe U.S.exportgoodsproductionwasmorecapital intensivethanitsimportgoods.ButLeontiefswork showedthatthiswasnttrue:infact,goodsthatthe UnitedStatesexportedwereproducedwitha slightlylowercapitallaborratiothangoodsthe countryimported. Themainresolutionofthisparadox,itturnsout, dependsonthedefinitionofcapital.U.S.exports arentintensiveinphysicalcapitalmachinesand buildings.Instead,theyareintensiveinhuman capital.
13
Supply,Demand,andInternationalTrade
TheEffectsofImports: Thedomesticdemandcurveshowshowthe quantityofagooddemandedbydomestic consumersdependsonthepriceofthatgood. Thedomesticsupplycurveshowshowthe quantityofagoodsuppliedbydomesticproducers dependsonthepriceofthatgood. Theworldpriceofagoodisthepriceatwhichthat goodcanbeboughtorsoldabroad.
14
TheEffectsofImports
Whenamarketisopenedtotrade,competition amongimportersorexportersdrivesthedomestic pricetoequalitywiththeworldprice. Iftheworldpriceislowerthantheautarkyprice, tradeleadstoimportsandafallinthedomesticprice comparedtotheworldprice. Thereareoverallgainsfromtradebecause consumergainsexceedtheproducerlosses.
15
Consumerand Producer Surplusin Autarky
Intheabsenceoftrade,domesticpriceisPA,thepriceatwhich intersect.Thequantityproducedandconsumeddomesticallyis thedomesticsupplycurveandthedomesticdemandcurve QA.Consumersurplusisrepresentedbytheblueshadedarea, andproducersurplusisrepresentedbytheredshadedarea.
16
TheDomestic Marketwith Imports
Heretheworldpriceofroses,PW,isbelowtheautarkyprice,PA.Whenthe economyisopenedtotrade,importsenterthedomesticmarket,andthe domesticprice,PA,fallstotheworldprice,PW.Asthepricefalls,the domesticquantitydemandedrisesfromQAtoCTanddomesticproduction fallsfromQAtoQT.Thedifferencebetweendomesticquantitydemanded anddomesticquantitysuppliedatPW,thequantityCTQT,isfilledby imports. 17
TheEffectsofImportsonSurplus
WhenthedomesticpricefallstoPWasaresultoftrade, consumersgainadditionalsurplus(areasX+Z)andproducers losesurplus(areaX).Becausethegainstoconsumersoutweigh thelossestoproducers,thetotalsurplusintheeconomyasa 18 wholeincreases(areaZ).
TheEffectsofExports
Iftheworldpriceishigherthantheautarkyprice, tradeleadstoexportsandariseinthedomesticprice comparedtotheworldprice. Thereareoverallgainsfromtradebecauseproducer gainsexceedtheconsumerlosses. Thefollowinggraphshowsthedomesticmarketwith exports.
19
TheDomestic Marketwith Exports
Heretheworldprice,PW,isgreaterthantheautarkyprice,PA. Whentheeconomyisopenedtotrade,someofthedomestic supplyisnowexported.Thedomesticprice,PA,risestotheworld price,PW.Asthepricerises,thedomesticquantitydemandedfalls fromQAtoCTanddomesticproductionrisesfromQAtoQT.The remainderofthedomesticquantitysupplied,QTCT,isexported.
20
WhenthedomesticpricerisestoPWasaresultoftrade, producersgainadditionalsurplus(areasX+Z)butconsumerslose surplus(areaX).Becausethegainstoproducersoutweighthe lossestoconsumers,thetotalsurplusintheeconomyasawhole 21 increases(areaZ).
TheEffectofExportsonSurplus
InternationalTradeandFactorMarkets
Exportingindustriesproducegoodsandservices thataresoldabroad. Importcompetingindustriesproducegoodsand servicesthatarealsoimported. Internationaltradeleadstoanexpansionofexporting industries,whichincreasesdemandforacountrys abundantfactors,andacontractionofimport competingindustries,whichdecreasesdemandfor itsscarcefactors.
22
EffectsofTradeProtection
Aneconomyhasfreetradewhenthegovernment doesnotattempteithertoreduceortoincreasethe levelsofexportsandimportsthatoccurnaturallyasa resultofsupplyanddemand.Policiesthatlimit importsareknownastradeprotectionorsimplyas protection. Mosteconomistsadvocatefreetrade,althoughmany governmentsengageintradeprotectionofimport competingindustries.Thetwomostcommon protectionistpoliciesaretariffsandimportquotas.In rareinstances,governmentssubsidizeexport industries.
23
EffectsofaTariff
Atariffisataxonimports. Itraisesthedomesticpriceabovetheworldprice, leadingtoafallintradeandtotalconsumptionanda riseindomesticproduction. Domesticproducersandthegovernmentgain,but consumerlossesmorethanoffsetthisgain,leading todeadweightlossintotalsurplus.
24
TheEffectofa Tariff
AtariffraisesthedomesticpriceofthegoodfromPWtoPT. DomesticdemandshrinksfromC1toC2anddomesticsupply increasesfromQ1toQ2.Asaresult,importswhichhadbeen C1Q1beforethetariffwasimposedshrinktoC2Q2afterthe tariffisimposed.
25
Whenthedomesticpricerisesasaresultofatariff,producers gainadditionalsurplus(areaA),thegovernmentgainsrevenue (areaC),andconsumerslosesurplus(areasA+B+C+D).Because thelossestoconsumersoutweighthegainstoproducersandthe government,theeconomyasawholelosessurplus(areasB+D).
26
TheEffectofaTariffReducesTotalSurplus
EffectsofanImportQuota
Animportquotaisalegalquantitylimitonimports. Itseffectislikethatofatariff,exceptthatrevenues thequotarentsaccruetothelicenseholder,notto thegovernment. Now,letsmoveontothepoliticaleconomyoftrade protection
27
ThePoliticalEconomyofTrade Protection
ArgumentsforTradeProtection Advocatesoftariffsandimportquotasofferavariety ofarguments.Threecommonargumentsare:
nationalsecurity jobcreation theinfantindustryargument.
Despitethedeadweightlosses,importprotections areoftenimposedbecausegroupsrepresenting importcompetingindustriesaresmallerandmore cohesivethangroupsofconsumers.
28
Tofurthertradeliberalization,countriesengagein internationaltradeagreements. Internationaltradeagreementsaretreatiesinwhicha countrypromisestoengageinlesstradeprotection againsttheexportsofothercountriesinreturnfora promisebyothercountriestodothesameforitsown exports. Someagreementsareforonlyasmallnumberof countries,suchastheNorthAmericanFreeTrade Agreement. TheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)isamultinational organizationthatseekstonegotiateglobaltrade agreementsaswellasadjudicatetradedisputes 29 betweenmembers.
InternationalTradeAgreements andtheWorldTradeOrganization
EconomicsinAction:
Case:DecliningTariffs TheUnitedStatesbeganbasingitstradepolicyon internationalagreementsinthe1930s,andglobal tradenegotiationsbegansoonafterWorldWarII. Thesuccessoftheseagreementsinreducing tradeprotectionisillustratedbythefollowing figure. U.S.tariffrateswereveryhighintheearly1930s buthavesteadilyfallensincethen.Thismove towardrelativelyfreetradehasbeenachievedin largepartthroughinternationaltradeagreements.
30
Tariffsreachedapeakin theearly1930s.From thenon,tariffrateshave steadilyratcheteddown, withU.S.moves matchedinother advancedcountries. Atthispointworldtrade inmanufacturedgoods issubjecttolowtariffs andrelativelyfewimport quotas,withclothingthe mainexception.
DecliningTariffRates
Agriculturalproductsare subjecttomanymore restrictions,reflectingthe politicalpoweroffarmers inadvancedcountries.
31
TheEndofChapter17
comingattraction: Chapter18: Uncertainty,Risk,and PrivateInformation
32
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Phys 211 - MidTerm 2 SampleSummer 20091. A student sits at the top of his igloo, which is 3 m in radius and is very slippery so that friction may be neglected. The student begins to slide off the igloo from rest. What is the speed of the student when he
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Selected Solutions for Chapter 3: Growth of FunctionsSolution to Exercise 3.1-2To show that .n C a/b D .nb /, we want to nd constants c1 ; c2 ; n0 > 0 such that 0 c1 nb .n C a/b c2 nb for all n n0 . Note that n C a n C jaj 2n when jaj n , and n C a n ja
Uni. São Paulo - IME - MAC5711
Selected Solutions for Chapter 4: Divide-and-ConquerSolution to Exercise 4.2-4If you can multiply 3 3 matrices using k multiplications, then you can multiply n n matrices by recursively multiplying n=3 n=3 matrices, in time T .n/ D kT .n=3/ C .n2 /. Usi