to 40
Introduction Optical Networks
of the early undersea optical ber transmission systems. See also [KM98] for a more recent overview. Experiments reporting more than 1 Tb/s transmission over a single ber were rst reported at the Optical Fiber Communication Conference in 1996, and the numbers are being improved upon constantly. See, for example, [CT98, Ona96, Gna96, Mor96, Yan96]. Related work has focused on (1) transmitting terabits-persecond aggregate trafc across transoceanic distances with individual channel data rates at 10 or 20 Gb/s [Cai01, Bak01, VPM01], or 40 Gb/s channel rates over shorter distances [Zhu01], or (2) obtaining over 10 Tb/s transmission capacity using 40 Gb/s channel rates over a few hundred kilometers [Fuk01, Big01]. The rate of network trafc growth has been reported by a number of sources over the years. A Web site that has estimates as well as references to other sources is the Minnesota Internet Trafc Studies (MINTS), which can be found at www.dtc.umn.edu/mints/. Finally, we did not cover standards in this chapter but we will do so in Chapters 6, 8, and 9. The various standards bodies working on optical networking include the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), the Optical Internetworking Forum (OIF), Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) and Telcordia Technologies. Appendix C provides a list of relevant standards documents.
References
[ACHG+ 08] R. Alferness, C. Chang-Hasnain, C. Giallorenzi, D. Keck, and A. Willner, editors. IEEE/OSA Journal of Lightwave Technology: Special Issue on Celebrating 25 Years of the IEEE/OSA, volume 26, May 2008. [Agr95] G. P. Agrawal. Nonlinear Fiber Optics, 2nd edition. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1995. [Agr97] G. P. Agrawal. Fiber-Optic Communication Systems. John Wiley, New York, 1997. [AKW00] R. C. Alferness, H. Kogelnik, and T. H. Wood. The evolution of optical systems: Optics everywhere. Bell Labs Technical Journal, 5(1):188202, Jan.Mar. 2000. [Alf99] R. Alferness, editor. Bell Labs Technical Journal: Optical Networking, volume 4, Jan.Mar. 1999. [Bak01] B. Bakhshi et al. 1 Tb/s (101 10 Gb/s) transmission over transpacic distance using 28 nm C-band EDFAs. In OFC 2001 Technical Digest, pages PD21/13, 2001. [Bar96] R. A. Barry, editor. IEEE Network: Special Issue on Optical Networks, volume 10, Nov. 1996.
References
41
[Big01] S. Bigo et al. 10.2 Tb/s (256 42.7 Gbit/s PDM/WDM) transmission over 100 km TeraLight ber with 1.28bit/s/Hz spectral efciency. In OFC 2001 Technical Digest, pages PD25/13, 2001. [BKLW00] W. F. Brinkman, T. L. Koch, D. V. Lang, and D. W. Wilt. The lasers behind the communications revolution. Bell Labs Technical Journal, 5(1):150167, Jan.Mar. 2000. [Bra89] C. A. Brackett, editor. IEEE Communications Magazine: Special Issue on Lightwave Systems and Components, volume 27, Oct. 1989. [Cai01] J.-X. Cai et al. 2.4 Tb/s (120 20 Gb/s) transmission over transoceanic distance with optimum FEC overhead and 48% spectral efciency. In OFC 2001 Technical Digest, pages PD20/13, 2001. [CHK+ 96] R. L. Cruz, G. R. Hill, A. L. Kellner, R. Ramaswami, and G. H. Sasaki, editors. IEEE JSAC/JLT Special Issue on Optical Networks, volume 14, June 1996. [CNW90] N. K. Cheung, G. Nosu, and G. Winzer, editors. IEEE JSAC: Special Issue on Dense WDM Networks, volume 8, Aug. 1990. [CS83] J. S. Cook and O. I. Szentisi. North American eld trials and early applications in telephony. IEEE JSAC, 1:393397, 1983. [CSH00] G. K. Chang, K. I. Sato, and D. K. Hunter, editors. IEEE/OSA Journal of Lightwave Technology: Special Issue on Optical Networks, volume 18, 2000. [CT98] A. R. Chraplyvy and R. W. Tkach. Terabit/second transmission experiments. IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, 34(11):21032108, 1998. [DL00] S. S. Dixit and P. J. Lin, editors. IEEE Communications Magazine: Optical Networks Come of Age, volume 38, Feb. 2000. [DYJ00] S. S. Dixit and A. Yla-Jaaski, editors. IEEE Communications Magazine: WDM Optical Networks: A Reality Check, volume 38, Mar. 2000. [FGO+ 96] M. Fujiwara, M. S. Goodman, M. J. OMahony, O. K. Tonguez, and A. E. Willner, editors. IEEE/OSA JLT/JSAC Special Issue on Multiwavelength Optical Technology and Networks, volume 14, June 1996. [Fuk01] K. Fukuchi et al. 10.92 Tb/s (273 40 Gb/s) triple-band/ultra-dense WDM optical-repeatered transmission experiment. In OFC 2001 Technical Digest, pages PD24/13, 2001. [GJR96] P. E. Green, F. J. Janniello, and R. Ramaswami. Multichannel protocol-transparent WDM distance extension using remodulation. JSAC/JLT IEEE Special Issue on Optical Networks, 14(6):962967, June 1996. [Gla00] A. M. Glass et al. Advances in ber optics. Bell Labs Technical Journal, 5(1):168187, Jan.Mar. 2000.
42
Introduction to Optical Networks
[GLM+ 00] O. Gerstel, B. Li, A. McGuire, G. Rouskas, K. Sivalingam, and Z. Zhang, editors. IEEE JSAC: Special Issue on Protocols and Architectures for Next-Generation Optical Networks, Oct. 2000. [Gna96] A. H. Gnauck et al. One terabit/s transmission experiment. In OFC96 Technical Digest, 1996. Postdeadline paper PD20. [Gre93] P. E. Green. Fiber-Optic Networks. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1993. [HD97] G. R. Hill and P. Demeester, editors. IEEE Communications Magazine: Special Issue on Photonic Networks in Europe, volume 35, Apr. 1997. [Hec98] J. Hecht. Understanding Fiber Optics. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1998. [Hec99] J. Hecht. City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics. Oxford University Press, New York, 1999. [HSS98] A. M. Hill, A. A. M. Saleh, and K. Sato, editors. IEEE JSAC: Special Issue on High-Capacity Optical Transport Networks, volume 16, Sept. 1998. [Ish83] H. Ishio. Japanese eld trials and applications in telephony. IEEE JSAC, 1:404412, 1983. [KH66] K. C. Kao and G. A. Hockham. Dielectric-ber surface waveguides for optical frequencies. Proceedings of IEE, 133(3):11511158, July 1966. [KK97a] I. P. Kaminow and T. L. Koch, editors. Optical Fiber Telecommunications IIIA. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1997. [KK97b] I. P. Kaminow and T. L. Koch, editors. Optical Fiber Telecommunications IIIB. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1997. [KKM70] F. P. Kapron, D. B. Keck, and R. D. Maurer. Radiation losses in glass optical waveguides. Applied Physics Letters, 17(10):423425, Nov. 1970. [KLHN93] M. J. Karol, C. Lin, G. Hill, and K. Nosu, editors. IEEE/OSA Journal of Lightwave Technology: Special Issue on Broadband Optical Networks, May/June 1993. [KLW06] I. Kaminow, T. Li, and A. E. Willner, editors. IEEE/OSA Journal of Lightwave Technology: Special 40th Anniversary Issue on Optoelectronics, volume 24, Dec. 2006. [KM98] F. W. Kerfoot and W. C. Marra. Undersea ber optic networks: Past, present and future. IEEE JSAC: Special Issue on High-Capacity Optical Transport Networks, 16(7):12201225, Sept. 1998. [Lin89] C. Lin, editor. Optoelectronic Technology and Lightwave Communications Systems. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1989. [Mac74] J. B. MacChesney et al. Preparation of low-loss optical bers using simultaneous vapor deposition and fusion. In Proceedings of 10th International Congress on Glass, volume 6, pages 4044, Kyoto, Japan, 1974.
References
43
[MK88] S. D. Miller and I. P. Kaminow, editors. Optical Fiber Telecommunications II. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1988. [Mor96] T. Morioka et al. 100 Gb/s 10 channel OTDM/WDM transmission using a single supercontinuum WDM source. In OFC96 Technical Digest, 1996. Postdeadline paper PD21. [MT83] A. Moncalvo and F. Tosco. European eld trials and early applications in telephony. IEEE JSAC, 1:398403, 1983. [NO94] K. Nosu and M. J. OMahony, editors. IEEE Communications Magazine: Special Issue on Optically Multiplexed Networks, volume 32, Dec. 1994. [Ona96] H. Onaka et al. 1.1 Tb/s WDM transmission over a 150 km 1.3 m zero-dispersion single-mode ber. In OFC96 Technical Digest, 1996. Postdeadline paper PD19. [Pru89] P. R. Prucnal, editor. IEEE Network: Special Issue on Optical Multiaccess Networks, volume 3, Mar. 1989. [RT84] P. K. Runge and P. R. Trischitta. The SL undersea lightwave system. IEEE/OSA Journal on Lightwave Technology, 2:744753, 1984. [ST91] B. E. A. Saleh and M. C. Teich. Fundamentals of Photonics. John Wiley, New York, 1991. [Sta83] J. R. Stauffer. FT3Ca lightwave system for metropolitan and intercity applications. IEEE JSAC, 1:413419, 1983. [VPM01] G. Vareille, F. Pitel, and J. F. Marcerou. 3 Tb/s (300 11.6 Gbit/s) transmission over 7380 km using 28 nm C+L-band with 25 GHz channel spacing and NRZ format. In OFC 2001 Technical Digest, pages PD22/13, 2001. [Wil00] A. E. Willner, editor. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics: Millennium Issue, volume 6, Nov.Dec. 2000. [Yan96] Y. Yano et al. 2.6 Tb/s WDM transmission experiment using optical duobinary coding. In Proceedings of European Conference on Optical Communication, 1996. Postdeadline paper Th.B.3.1. [Zhu01] B. Zhu et al. 3.08 Tb/s (77 42.7 Gb/s) transmission over 1200 km of non-zero dispersion-shifted ber with 100-km spans using C- L-band distributed Raman amplication. In OFC 2001 Technical Digest, pages PD23/13, 2001.
This page intentionally left blank